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BMS 127 Final Exam Study Guide
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BMS 127 Final Exam Study Guide__________ are non membrane bound, naked DNA with protein on it to hold it in
supercoiled form, this is the only way that DNA can stay inside the cell. It is a huge
circular piece of DNA - Answer Nucleoids
All genes in its genome are on the chromosome, this is called the __________ genome -
Answer housekeeping
Recombination is most likely to occur during __________ - Answer transduction
Sometimes prokaryotes have other DNA, these are called __________, which are
separated from the main DNA - Answer plasmids
Plasmids are small, __________, extrachromosomal DNA - Answer circular
They can contain genes which can code for proteins, can change phenotype, give the
prokaryote bonus abilities, but it is __________ __________ to survive - Answer not needed
It can __________ independently from the chromosome. - Answer replicate
The replication rate determines the __________ number - Answer copy
__________ copy number = high replication rate, it also means it has a strong origin (more
in cytoplasm) - Answer high
__________ copy number = low replication rate, weak origin (less in cytoplasm) - Answer
low
There are two types of plasmid replication, these are __________ __________ plasmid
replication, and __________ __________ - Answer theta type, rolling circle
Theta-type plasmid replication is the __________ type - Answer normal
Starts as a circle, the two circles begin to separate at __________ of __________, these are
the replication forks (2) in circular, (1) linear - Answer origins, replication
Goes from __________ double strand DNA to __________ double strand DNA - Answer 1, 2
__________ bonds are broken, not __________ bonds - Answer Hydrogen, phosphodiester
The enzyme that builds DNA is called __________ __________ - Answer DNA polymerase
Theta-type plasmid replication (in notebook) - Answer
Rolling circle plasmid replcation is when __________ bonds are broken - Answer
phosphodiester
,The area where the bond is broken on one strand, not the other, is called a __________ -
Answer nick
the origin of replication is where the __________ bonds break, and where the enzyme that
separates the two strands binds - Answer hydrogen
__________ DNA is peeled off from circular DNA, DNA polymerase is building new DNA -
Answer linear
Eventually, the __________ is peeled off, and the linear DNA circularizes during
__________ - Answer nick, circularization
Plasmids are sort of autonomous, they regulate their own __________ __________ inside
the bacterial cell - Answer replication rates
Rolling circle plasmid replication (in notebook) - Answer
__________ is the exchange of genes between two DNA molecules, making new
combinations of genes on each - Answer Recombination
All cells can do this, and the enzymes are all over nature, it creates diversity. In
eukaryotes, recombination creates the standing next to eachother of __________ -
Answer chromosomes
Recombination happens at __________ of __________ __________ - Answer regions of
sequence identity (where sequences are the same)
Microbial genetics. __________ is an example of horizontal gene transfer - Answer
Transformation
__________ __________ __________ is the movement of genes horizontally to preexisting
organisms, does not need to be related. - Answer Horizontal gene transfer
__________ __________ __________ is sexual reproduction - Answer vertical gene transfer
There are three mechanisms of Horizontal gene transfer, these are __________,
__________, and __________ - Answer conjugation, transformation, transduction
__________ is the transfer of a plasmid between cells through a sex pilus. It is not a
reproduction event, they are preexisting cells of the same generation - Answer
conjugation
__________ is the uptake of free DNA from the environment - Answer Transformation
__________ is the transfer of bacterial genes from cell to cell via phage (i.e a virus) -
Answer Transduction
In conjugation, __________ might occur, this results in the __________ of the plasmid into
the chromosome - Answer recombination, insertion
,__________ (integrated) cells are more likely to pass on to offspring because it is not a
plasmid anymore, but it is inside the genome - Answer Hfr
After this event, a nick can be created in the Hfr cell, which can cause the genes to
__________ and transfer part of the chromosome - Answer replicate
In the recipient cell, __________ occurs between the Hfr chromosomes and the F-
chromosomes - Answer recombination
The Hfr cells transfer chromosomal genes to __________ __________, not exactly the F
factor, not species specific, and entire F factor isnt transferred - Answer recipient cell
Conjugation - horizontal gene transfer (in reader) - Answer
In transformation, the __________ cells takes up donor DNA - Answer recipient
The donor DNA aligns with __________ bases - Answer complimentary
When bacterial DNA and DNA are similar, there are more __________ - Answer regions of
sequence identity
__________ occurs between donor DNA and recipient DNA - Answer Recombination
Transformation - gene transfer (in reader) - Answer
In transduction, the __________ infects the donor bacteria - Answer phage
Phage DNA and proteins are made, and the __________ chromosome is broken into
pieces - Answer bacterial
Occasionally during phage assembly, pieces of bacterial DNA are packaged in
__________ capsid, then donor cell lyses and releases phage particles containing
bacterial DNA - Answer phage
A phage carrying bacterial DNA infects new host cell, __________ can occur producing a
recombinant cell with a genotype different from both the donor and recipient cell -
Answer recombination
Transduction - gene transfer (in reader) - Answer
The diversity of life through the __________ kingdom view - Answer 6
Monera and archaea are __________ - Answer prokaryotic
Protista, plantae, animalia, and fungi are __________ - Answer eukaryotic
__________ may be unicellular or multicellular, and some can alter back and forth -
Answer Fungi
The multicellular fungal body is a network of hyphae called a __________ - Answer
mycelium
, A very small amount of fungi can cause __________ to animals - Answer disease
__________ __________ are the most common infective structures involved in fungal
diseases - Answer fungal spores
Fungal spores are very durable, but not as durable as __________ spores, but they have
been found in the stratosphere, and the distribution of them is worldwide due to the
spores - Answer bacterial
Pathogenic and opportunistic fungi often have __________ growth in the environment,
and __________ growth forms in the human body - Answer mycelial (multicellular), yeast
(unicellular)
Most live in __________ form in the host, and __________ form in the environment - Answer
unicellular, multicellular
The majority of fungal diseases are created by __________ fungi, they typically infect
people with a defect in their immune system, this can be as simple as psychological
stress - Answer opportunistic
There are 4 genera of pathogenic fungi, the rest are __________. These all have
essentially the same symptoms - Answer opportunistic
The 4 genera are - Answer blastomyces
coccidiodes
histoplasma
paracoccidides
__________ is valley fever. It is contracted through the respiratory tract, and it is found
geographically in the __________ __________ - Answer Coccidiodes, Central valley
It is dangerous for pregnant women, immune-compromised people, and __________
__________ people - Answer non-caucasian
Fungus grows better where they have access to __________ (i.e. in the lungs). - Answer
oxygen
It is hard to find a cure for fungal infections because it is hard not to hurt the host,
because fungi are similar to humans. __________ drugs are used, which are extremely
harsh - Answer sulfadrugs
Factors that predispose individuals to opportunistic mycoses include:
lifestyle factors - poor diet, hygeine
__________ conditions
medical therapies
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