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BCH exam 1Features of living organisms - correct answer ✔✔(1) Possess chemical complexity and microscopic
organization
(2) Ability to extract, transform, and use energy from the environment
(3) Defined functions for each biological component and regulation of interactions between components
(4) Ability to sense and respond to the environment
(5) Ability to self-replicate
(6) As a species, ability to evolve and adapt to environment
Bigger the organism - correct answer ✔✔Slower it evolves
Eukaryote - correct answer ✔✔A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Bacteria/archea - correct answer ✔✔Single cell organisms w/no nuclear membrane
Major features of prokaryotic cells - correct answer ✔✔1-10 um, single celled (bacteria, archaea),
flagella for motility and pili for adhesion, cell envelope w plasma membrane and layers surrounding it,
cytoplasm enclosed by plasma membrane
How many ribosomes in bacterial cells - correct answer ✔✔15,000
Major features of eukaryotic cells - correct answer ✔✔size 5-100 um, mostly multicellular, outer
membrane w dynamic structure of lipids and proteins, nucleus enclosed by membrane, cytoplasm
enclosed by outer membrane
Peroxisome - correct answer ✔✔Oxidizes fatty acids
Lysosome - correct answer ✔✔degrades intracellular debris
,Golgi complex - correct answer ✔✔processes, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for
export
Smooth ER - correct answer ✔✔Site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism
Nucleus - correct answer ✔✔Contains genes (chromatin)
Nucleolus - correct answer ✔✔Site of ribosomal synthesis by RNA
Rough ER - correct answer ✔✔Site of protein synthesis
Mitochondrion - correct answer ✔✔oxidizes fuels to produce ATP
Chloroplast - correct answer ✔✔harvests sunlight, produces ATP and carbohydrates
Starch granule - correct answer ✔✔temporarily stores carbohydrate products of photosynthesis
Thylakoid - correct answer ✔✔site of the light driven ATP synthesis
Cell wall - correct answer ✔✔Provides shape and rigidity, protects cell from osmotic swelling
Vacuole - correct answer ✔✔Degrades and recycles macromolecules, stores metabolites
Plasmodesma - correct answer ✔✔provides path between two plant cells
Glyoxysome - correct answer ✔✔contains enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle
,Purpose of cytoskeleton - correct answer ✔✔Provides shape and organization to cell, helps
cell/organelles move. For example, can redivide organelles between daughter cells when they are ready
to split
Actin filaments - correct answer ✔✔6 nm width, made from G-actin
Microtubules - correct answer ✔✔23 nm width, made from tubulin
Intermediate filaments - correct answer ✔✔10 nm width, made from a-keratin
Miller-Urey Experiment - correct answer ✔✔Sparking a mixture of CH4, NH3, H2O, H2S, H2 yielded
Glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid. Even though there was likely no H2 on Earth, same
experiment worked with HCN
Carbon is how much dry weight of cells - correct answer ✔✔about half
Main 4 elements in animal cells - correct answer ✔✔Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
Mass ranking of elements in animal cells - correct answer
✔✔Oxygen>carbon>hydrogen>nitrogen>calcium>phosphorus>Potassium=Sulfur=Chlorine>sodium>mag
nesium
Trace elements - correct answer ✔✔Iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, iodine, Selenium, fluorine
Molecular composition of human cells ranking - correct answer ✔✔Water>protein>lipid>RNA>other
organic>DNA
Lower limit size of cells - correct answer ✔✔600-800 proteins
Upper limit size of cells - correct answer ✔✔Rate of molecular diffusion across cell membrane
, Nucleic acids do what - correct answer ✔✔store and transmit genetic information
Proteins do what - correct answer ✔✔Structure and catalysis
Lipids do what - correct answer ✔✔Membranes and energy storage
Polyssacharides do what - correct answer ✔✔Energy storage, structure, surface recognition
Gibbs free energy - correct answer ✔✔amount of energy in a reaction at constant temp and pressure
Enthalpy - correct answer ✔✔heat of a reaction reflecting the number and kind of chemical bonds in
reactants and products
Entropy - correct answer ✔✔Quantitative expression of randomness or disorder in a system
Anabolism - correct answer ✔✔set of metabolic pathways by which large molecules are made from
smaller ones, requiring energy
Catabolism - correct answer ✔✔set of metabolic pathways that breakdown molecules into smaller units
and release energy
What is the energy of a Covalent bond - correct answer ✔✔470 kj/mol
Hydrogen bond energy - correct answer ✔✔23 kj/mol
How many hydrogen bonds does liquid water make - correct answer ✔✔3.4
How many hydrogen bonds does ice make - correct answer ✔✔4
Hydrogen bond donors - correct answer ✔✔N-H, O-H, etc.
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