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NR 547 Exam 100% Correct!!
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Crossover RCT - ANSWEREach subject is exposed to both treatment conditions, they serve as their own controls Maximizes enrollment because it requires fewer subjects Includes a washout period that occurs between exposures to study conditions Cluster RCT - ANSWERUse representative groups of sample...

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  • October 12, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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NR 547 Exam 100% Correct!!

Crossover RCT - ANSWEREach subject is exposed to both treatment conditions, they serve as their
own controls

Maximizes enrollment because it requires fewer subjects

Includes a washout period that occurs between exposures to study conditions

Cluster RCT - ANSWERUse representative groups of samples rather than individuals

The unit of analysis is the research site, which is randomly selected by investigators

Preference Clinical Trials - ANSWERBlending of experimental and quasi-experimental strategies
where patients choose among all treatments available

Open Label Designs - ANSWERUsed when it is impossible to blind or mask the intervention

Nursing Interventions - ANSWER"deliberative, cognitive, physical, or verbal activities performed with,
or on behalf of, individuals and their families that are directed toward accomplishing particular
therapeutic objectives relative to individuals' health and well-being"

Measurement - ANSWERProcess of assigning numbers to objects, events, or situations in accord with
some rule

Nominal Level of Measurement - ANSWERLowest of the four measurement levels, used when data
can be organized into categories of a defined property but the categories cannot be ordered

Categories must be un-orderable, exclusive, and exhaustive

Examples: gender, ethnicity, marital status, religion, medical diagnoses

Ordinal Level of Measurement - ANSWERData can be assigned to categories of an attribute that can
be ranked (the quantity of the attribute possessed can be identified)

The categories must be exclusive and exhaustive

The intervals between the ranked categories are unequal

Examples: intensity of pain, degrees of coping, levels of mobility, ability to provide self-care

Interval Level of Measurement - ANSWERDistances between intervals of the scale are numerically
equal, but there is no zero point on the interval scale

Categories are mutually exclusive, exhaustive, and rank ordering

Example: Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales

Ratio Level of Measurement - ANSWERHighest form of measure, categories are mutually exclusive,
exhaustive, rank ordering, equal spacing, and a continuum of values. Also have absolute zero points
where a value of zero indicates an absence of the property being measured

Examples: weight, length, volume

, Reliability - ANSWERThe consistency of the measures obtained of an attribute, item, or situation in a
study or clinical practice

The greater the reliability, the less random error in the measurement method

Reliability is concerned with the dependability, consistency, stability, precision, reproducibility, and
comparability of a measurement method

1.00 indicates perfect reliability and 0.00 indicates no reliability

Reliability score of 0.80 or higher is considered strong

Stability Reliability - ANSWERTest-Retest Reliability

The consistency of repeated measures of the same attribute with the use of the same scale or
instrument over time

Equivalence Reliability - ANSWERCompares two versions of the same instrument (alternate-forms
reliability or parallel-forms reliability) or two observers measuring the same event (interrater
reliability)

Internal Consistency - ANSWERAddresses the correlation of various items within the instrument

Cronbach's alpha coefficient is the statistical procedure used to calculate internal consistency for
interval and ratio level data

Validity - ANSWERThe extent to which an instrument actually reflects or is able to measure the
construct being examined.

Validity is considered a single broad measurement evaluation that is referred to as construct validity
(in the book)

Face Validity - ANSWERInstrument looks like it is valid or gives the appearance of measuring the
construct it is supposed to measure

Subjective assessment (weakest form of validity)

Content Validity - ANSWERExamines the extent to which the measurement method includes all the
major elements relevant to the construct being measured

Evidence obtained from literature, representatives of the relevant populations, and content experts

Factor Analysis and Validity - ANSWERFactor analysis is an approach for determining evidence of an
instrument's construct validity by determining what items group together

Data are usually analyzed initially with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to examine relationships
among the various items of the instrument

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) allows researchers to validate the number of factors or
subcomponents in the instrument and measurement equivalence among comparison groups

Structural Analysis and Validity - ANSWERDetermines how each item is related to other items

Convergent Validity - ANSWERRelevant when new instruments are being developed for a study

Determines how closely the existing instruments measure the same construct as the newly
developed instrument

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