Crossover RCT - ANSWEREach subject is exposed to both treatment conditions, they serve as their own controls
Maximizes enrollment because it requires fewer subjects
Includes a washout period that occurs between exposures to study conditions
Cluster RCT - ANSWERUse representative groups of sample...
Crossover RCT - ANSWEREach subject is exposed to both treatment conditions, they serve as their
own controls
Maximizes enrollment because it requires fewer subjects
Includes a washout period that occurs between exposures to study conditions
Cluster RCT - ANSWERUse representative groups of samples rather than individuals
The unit of analysis is the research site, which is randomly selected by investigators
Preference Clinical Trials - ANSWERBlending of experimental and quasi-experimental strategies
where patients choose among all treatments available
Open Label Designs - ANSWERUsed when it is impossible to blind or mask the intervention
Nursing Interventions - ANSWER"deliberative, cognitive, physical, or verbal activities performed with,
or on behalf of, individuals and their families that are directed toward accomplishing particular
therapeutic objectives relative to individuals' health and well-being"
Measurement - ANSWERProcess of assigning numbers to objects, events, or situations in accord with
some rule
Nominal Level of Measurement - ANSWERLowest of the four measurement levels, used when data
can be organized into categories of a defined property but the categories cannot be ordered
Categories must be un-orderable, exclusive, and exhaustive
Examples: gender, ethnicity, marital status, religion, medical diagnoses
Ordinal Level of Measurement - ANSWERData can be assigned to categories of an attribute that can
be ranked (the quantity of the attribute possessed can be identified)
The categories must be exclusive and exhaustive
The intervals between the ranked categories are unequal
Examples: intensity of pain, degrees of coping, levels of mobility, ability to provide self-care
Interval Level of Measurement - ANSWERDistances between intervals of the scale are numerically
equal, but there is no zero point on the interval scale
Categories are mutually exclusive, exhaustive, and rank ordering
Example: Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales
Ratio Level of Measurement - ANSWERHighest form of measure, categories are mutually exclusive,
exhaustive, rank ordering, equal spacing, and a continuum of values. Also have absolute zero points
where a value of zero indicates an absence of the property being measured
Examples: weight, length, volume
, Reliability - ANSWERThe consistency of the measures obtained of an attribute, item, or situation in a
study or clinical practice
The greater the reliability, the less random error in the measurement method
Reliability is concerned with the dependability, consistency, stability, precision, reproducibility, and
comparability of a measurement method
1.00 indicates perfect reliability and 0.00 indicates no reliability
Reliability score of 0.80 or higher is considered strong
The consistency of repeated measures of the same attribute with the use of the same scale or
instrument over time
Equivalence Reliability - ANSWERCompares two versions of the same instrument (alternate-forms
reliability or parallel-forms reliability) or two observers measuring the same event (interrater
reliability)
Internal Consistency - ANSWERAddresses the correlation of various items within the instrument
Cronbach's alpha coefficient is the statistical procedure used to calculate internal consistency for
interval and ratio level data
Validity - ANSWERThe extent to which an instrument actually reflects or is able to measure the
construct being examined.
Validity is considered a single broad measurement evaluation that is referred to as construct validity
(in the book)
Face Validity - ANSWERInstrument looks like it is valid or gives the appearance of measuring the
construct it is supposed to measure
Subjective assessment (weakest form of validity)
Content Validity - ANSWERExamines the extent to which the measurement method includes all the
major elements relevant to the construct being measured
Evidence obtained from literature, representatives of the relevant populations, and content experts
Factor Analysis and Validity - ANSWERFactor analysis is an approach for determining evidence of an
instrument's construct validity by determining what items group together
Data are usually analyzed initially with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to examine relationships
among the various items of the instrument
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) allows researchers to validate the number of factors or
subcomponents in the instrument and measurement equivalence among comparison groups
Structural Analysis and Validity - ANSWERDetermines how each item is related to other items
Convergent Validity - ANSWERRelevant when new instruments are being developed for a study
Determines how closely the existing instruments measure the same construct as the newly
developed instrument
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