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Solutions Manual for Microbiology An Introduction 13th Edition (Global Edition) By Gerard Tortora, Berdell Funke, Christine Case $18.49
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Solutions Manual for Microbiology An Introduction 13th Edition (Global Edition) By Gerard Tortora, Berdell Funke, Christine Case
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Solutions Manual for Microbiology An Introduction 13th Edition (Global Edition) By Gerard Tortora, Berdell Funke, Christine Case

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  • October 13, 2024
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Microbiology An Introduction 13e (Global Edition) By Gerard
L L L L L L L




Tortora, Berdell Funke, Christine Case
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CHAPTER
The Microbial World and You L L L L




1 Global Edition
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Learning Objectives L Check Your Understanding L L




1-1 List several ways in which microbes
L L L L L Describe some of the destructive and beneficial
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affect our lives.
L L L actions of microbes.
L L L




1-2 Define microbiome, normal microbiota,
L L L What percentage of all cells in the human body
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and transient microbiota.
L L L are bacterial cells?
L L L




1-3 Recognize the system of scientific L L L L Distinguish a genus from a specific epithet. L L L L L L



nomenclature that uses two names: a
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genus and a specific epithet.
L L L L L




1-4 Differentiate the major characteristics of L L L L Which groups of microbes are prokaryotes?
L L L L L




each group of microorganisms.
L L L L Which are eukaryotes?
L L L




1-5 List the three domains.
L L L What are the three domains?
L L L L




1-6 Explain the importance of observations
L L L L What is the cell theory?
L L L L



made by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek.
L L L L L L




1-7 Compare spontaneous generation and
L L L What evidence supported spontaneous
L L L



biogenesis.
L generation?
L




1-8 Identify the contributions to microbiol-
L L L L How was spontaneous generation disproved?
L L L L



Logy made by Needham, Spallanzani,
L L L L



LVirchow, and Pasteur. L L




1-9 Explain how Pasteur’s work influenced
L L L L Summarize in your own words the germ theory L L L L L L L




Lister and Koch.
L L L of disease.
L L




1-10 Identify the importance of Koch’s
L L L L L What is the importance of Koch’s postulates?
L L L L L L



postulates.
L




1-11 Identify the importance of Jenner’s
L L L L L What is the significance of Jenner’s discovery?
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work. L




1-12 Identify the contributions to microbiol-
L L L L L What was Ehrlich’s “magic bullet”?
L L L L



ogy made by Ehrlich and Fleming.
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1-13 Define bacteriology, mycology, parasit-
L L L L Define bacteriology, mycology, parasitology,
L L L



ology, immunology, and virology.
L L L L immunology, and virology.
L L L




1-14 Explain the importance of microbial
L L L L L Differentiate microbial genetics, molecular L L L



genetics, molecular biology, and
L L L L biology, and genomics.
L L L



genomics.L

, 1-15 List at least four beneficial activities of
L L L L L L L Name two beneficial uses of bacteria.
L L L L L



microorganisms.
L




1-16 Name two examples of biotechnology
L L L L L Differentiate biotechnology from recombinant L L L



that use recombinant DNA technology
L L L L L DNA technology.
L L



and two examples that do not.
L L L L L L




1-17 Define resistance.
L L Differentiate normal microbiota and infectious L L L L




disease.
L




1-18 Define biofilm.
L L Why are biofilms important? L L L




1-19 Define emerging infectious disease.
L L L L What factors contribute to the emergence of an
L L L L L L L




infectious disease?
L L




New in This Edition
L L L




• The resurgence in microbiology is highlighted in sections on the Second and Third
L L L L L L L L L L L L



Golden Ages of Microbiology.
L L L L




• The Emerging Infectious Diseases section has been updated.
L L L L L L L




• A discussion of normal microbiota and the human microbiome has been added.
L L L L L L L L L L L




Chapter Summary L




Microbes in Our Lives (p. 28) The L L L L L L




Microbiome (pp. 28–29)
L L L




ASM 5.4: Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both
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human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral, or detrimental
L L L L L L L L




Lways.
ASM 6.2: Microorganisms provide essential models that give us
L L L L L L L L




fundamental knowledge about life processes.
L L L L L




1. Living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye are called microorganisms.
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2. Microorganisms are important in maintaining Earth’s ecological balance. L L L L L L L




3. Everyone has microorganisms in and on the body; these make up the normal microbiota
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or human microbiome. The normal microbiota are needed to maintain good health.
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4. Some microorganisms are used to produce foods and chemicals.
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5. Some microorganisms cause disease. L L L




Naming and Classifying Microorganisms (pp. 30–32)
L L L L L




ASM 2.4: While microscopic eukaryotes (e.g., fungi, protozoa, and algae)
L L L L L L L L L




carry out some of the same processes as bacteria, many of the cellular
L L L L L L L L L L L L L



properties are fundamentally different.
L L L L




Nomenclature (p. 30) L L

, 1. In a nomenclature system designed by Carolus Linnaeus (1735), each living organism is
L L L L L L L L L L L L



assigned two names.
L L L




2. The two names consist of a genus and a specific epithet, both of which are underlined or
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L



italicized.
L




Types of Microorganisms (pp. 30–32)
L L L L




3. Bacteria are unicellular organisms. Because they have no nucleus, the cells are described
L L L L L L L L L L L L



as prokaryotic.
L L




4. Most bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall; they divide by binary fission, and they may
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L




possess flagella.
L L




5. Bacteria can use a wide range of chemical substances for their nutrition.
L L L L L L L L L L L




6. Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells; they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
L L L L L L L L L L L




7. Archaea include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles.
L L L L L L L




8. Fungi (mushrooms, molds, and yeasts) have eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus).
L L L L L L L L L L L L




Most fungi are multicellular.
L L L L




9. Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment.
L L L L L L L L L




10. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes. L L L




11. Protozoa obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures.
L L L L L L L L L




12. Algae are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosyn-
L L L L L L L L L L L



thesis. L




13. Algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms.
L L L L L L L L L L




14. Viruses are noncellular entities that are parasites of cells.
L L L L L L L L




15. Viruses consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L




envelope may surround the coat.
L L L L L




16. The principal groups of multicellular animal parasites are flatworms and roundworms,
L L L L L L L L L L




collectively called helminths.
L L L




17. The microscopic stages in the life cycle of helminths are identified by traditional
L L L L L L L L L L L L



microbiological procedures.
L L




Classification of Microorganisms (p. 32) L L L L




18. All organisms are classified into one of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
L L L L L L L L L L L L




Eukarya include protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
L L L L L L L




A Brief History of Microbiology (pp. 32–40)
L L L L L L




ASM 7.4: Ability to understand the relationship between science and
L L L L L L L L L



society
L




The First Observations (pp. 32–33)
L L L L




1. Hooke’s observations laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory, the
L L L L L L L L L L L




concept that all living things are composed of cells.
L L L L L L L L L




2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek, using a simple microscope, was the first to observe
L L L L L L L L L L L



microorganisms (1673).
L L

, The Debate over Spontaneous Generation (pp. 33–35)
L L L L L L




3. Until the mid-1880s, many people believed in spontaneous generation, the idea that
L L L L L L L L L L L




living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.
L L L L L L L




4. Francesco Redi demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are
L L L L L L L L L L L L



able to lay eggs on the meat (1668).
L L L L L L L L




5. John Needham claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated
L L L L L L L L L




nutrient broth (1745).
L L L




6. Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that Needham’s
L L L L L L L L




results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth (1765).
L L L L L L L L L L L L




7. Rudolf Virchow introduced the concept of biogenesis: living cells can arise only from
L L L L L L L L L L L L



preexisting cells (1858).
L L L




8. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered
L L L L L L L L L L L




proof of biogenesis (1861).
L L L L




9. Pasteur’s discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in laboratory and
L L L L L L L L L L L L




medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms.
L L L L L L L




The First Golden Age of Microbiology (pp. 35–37)
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10. The science of microbiology advanced rapidly between 1857 and 1914.
L L L L L L L L L




11. Pasteur found that yeast ferment sugars to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize the
L L L L L L L L L L L L L




alcohol to acetic acid.
L L L L




12. A heating process called pasteurization is used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic
L L L L L L L L L L L L




beverages and milk.
L L L




13. Agostino Bassi (1835) and Pasteur (1865) showed a causal relationship between
L L L L L L L L L L



microorganisms and disease.
L L L




14. Joseph Lister introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L




control infections in humans (1860s).
L L L L L




15. Robert Koch proved that microorganisms cause disease. He used a sequence of
L L L L L L L L L L L



procedures, now called Koch’s postulates (1876), that are used today to prove that a
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L



particular microorganism causes a particular disease.
L L L L L L




16. In 1798, Edward Jenner demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides
L L L L L L L L L L




humans with immunity to smallpox.
L L L L L




17. About 1880, Pasteur discovered that avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for
L L L L L L L L L L L L L




fowl cholera; he coined the word vaccine.
L L L L L L L




18. Modern vaccines are prepared from living avirulent microorganisms or killed pathogens,
L L L L L L L L L L



from isolated components of pathogens, and by recombinant DNA techniques.
L L L L L L L L L L




The Second Golden Age of Microbiology (pp. 37–40)
L L L L L L L




19. The Second Golden Age began with the discovery of penicillin’s effectiveness against
L L L L L L L L L L L




infections.
L




20. Two types of chemotherapeutic agents are synthetic drugs (chemically prepared in the
L L L L L L L L L L L



laboratory) and antibiotics (substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit
L L L L L L L L L L L L



the growth of other microorganisms).
L L L L L

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