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Samenvatting Smart instrumentation
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  • Course
  • Smart instrumentation (E755070A)
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  • Universiteit Gent (UGent)

Dit is een kwalitatieve samenvatting van het vak Smart instrumentation. Het wordt gegeven door professor Devos in de master automatisatie als afstudeerrichting van industrieel ingenieur elektromechanica. Deze powerpoint verwerkt alle belangrijke informatie uit de lessen en kan gecombineerd met de s...

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Document information

  • October 13, 2024
  • 54
  • 2024/2025
  • Summary

Subjects

  • machine learning
  • veiligheid
  • ann

Written for

  • Universiteit Gent (UGent)
  • Industriële wetenschappen automatisering
  • Smart instrumentation (E755070A)
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SMART INSTRUMENTATIONS
SAMENVATTING, DOOR SEPPE VERMEULEN


INHOUD

Hoofdstuk 1a: Machinaal leren a ...................................................................................................................... 4
Algemeen kader .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Data Science Concept ...................................................................................................................................... 4
CRISP-DM ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
K-fold Cross-Validation .................................................................................................................................... 5
Overfitting ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Classificatiemodel ........................................................................................................................................... 6
ROC-curve ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Neurale netwerken ............................................................................................................................................. 7
ANN ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Hoofdstuk 1b: Machinaal leren b ................................................................................................................... 10
Information Entropy...................................................................................................................................... 10
Information Gain ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Classification ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
Logistic Regression ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Support Vector Machines.............................................................................................................................. 13
Data clustering .................................................................................................................................................. 13
Hiërarchische clusters ................................................................................................................................... 13
Centroid Clustering ....................................................................................................................................... 14
KNN ............................................................................................................................................................... 14
PCA ................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Hoofdstuk 2: Procesaspecten ......................................................................................................................... 15
aspecten van veiligheid ..................................................................................................................................... 15
procestechnische aspecten ............................................................................................................................... 15
Procesmetingen ............................................................................................................................................ 15
HART communicatie ...................................................................................................................................... 16
Regelkleppen ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
Hoofdstuk 3: Sensornetwerken ...................................................................................................................... 18
IOT – gedistribueerde sensoren ........................................................................................................................ 18
IOT: fog computing........................................................................................................................................ 18
LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) ................................................................................................ 18


Samenvatting Smart Instrumentations, door Seppe Vermeulen Pagina 1 van 54

, MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) .......................................................................................... 19
Localisatie .......................................................................................................................................................... 19
Powering ........................................................................................................................................................... 19
Hoofdstuk 4: Procesinstrumentatie ................................................................................................................ 20
Debiet ................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Druk gradiënt methode ................................................................................................................................. 20
Thermische debietsensor .............................................................................................................................. 20
Ultrasone debietsensor ................................................................................................................................. 21
elektromagnetische debietsensor................................................................................................................. 21
Coriolis massadebietsensor........................................................................................................................... 22
Vortex debietsensor ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Rotameter ..................................................................................................................................................... 23
Pitotbuis ........................................................................................................................................................ 23
Breeze sensor ................................................................................................................................................ 24
Drag force sensor .......................................................................................................................................... 24
Rookdetector ................................................................................................................................................ 25
Druk ................................................................................................................................................................... 25
(Kwik) manometer ........................................................................................................................................ 25
Membraantype ............................................................................................................................................. 26
Piezoresisistieve sensoren ............................................................................................................................ 26
Capacitieve sensor ........................................................................................................................................ 27
VRP sensor .................................................................................................................................................... 27
Optoelektronische druksensor ...................................................................................................................... 28
Indirecte druksensor ..................................................................................................................................... 28
Pirani buis ...................................................................................................................................................... 29
Temperatuur ..................................................................................................................................................... 29
Thermische koppeling met objecten ............................................................................................................. 29
Referentiepunten voor temperatuur ............................................................................................................ 30
Thermoresistieve sensoren ........................................................................................................................... 31
Thermokoppels ............................................................................................................................................. 33
Halgeleider pn-junctie sensoren ................................................................................................................... 34
Optische temperatuur sensoren ................................................................................................................... 35
Akoestische temperatuur sensoren .............................................................................................................. 36
Thermische stralingsmeters (pyrometers) .................................................................................................... 37
Positie, verplaatsing en niveau ......................................................................................................................... 38
Potentiometrische sensor ............................................................................................................................. 38
Capacitieve sensor ........................................................................................................................................ 38

Samenvatting Smart Instrumentations, door Seppe Vermeulen Pagina 2 van 54

, Inductieve en magnetische sensoren ............................................................................................................ 39
Optische sensoren ......................................................................................................................................... 40
Radar sensoren ............................................................................................................................................. 43
Dikte en niveau sensoren .............................................................................................................................. 43
snelheid ............................................................................................................................................................. 44
Accelerometer – Algemeen ........................................................................................................................... 44
Capacitieve accelerometer ............................................................................................................................ 44
Piezoresistieve accelerometer ...................................................................................................................... 45
Piezoelektrische accelerometer .................................................................................................................... 45
Thermische accelerometer ........................................................................................................................... 46
Gyroscoop ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
Gravitatiesensoren ........................................................................................................................................ 47
kracht, rek ......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Kracht ............................................................................................................................................................ 48
Rekstrookjes .................................................................................................................................................. 48
Piezoelektrische krachtsensoren................................................................................................................... 49
radioactieve metingen ...................................................................................................................................... 50
Basisprincipe ................................................................................................................................................. 50
Niveaumeting ................................................................................................................................................ 50
Densiteitsmeting ........................................................................................................................................... 51
Stralingseffecten ........................................................................................................................................... 51
Opgeloste examenvragen ............................................................................................................................... 53
Hoofdstuk 1: Machinaal leren ........................................................................................................................... 53
Hoofdstuk 2: Procesaspecten............................................................................................................................ 53
Hoofdstuk 3: Sensornetwerken......................................................................................................................... 53
Hoofdstuk 4: Procesinstrumentatie .................................................................................................................. 54




Samenvatting Smart Instrumentations, door Seppe Vermeulen Pagina 3 van 54

, HOOFDSTUK 1A: MACHINAAL LEREN A

ALGEMEEN KADER


DATA SCIENCE CONCEPT
Data Science is een multidisciplinair veld dat gebruikmaakt van wetenschappelijke methoden,
processen, algoritmen en systemen om kennis en inzichten uit gestructureerde en ongestructureerde
gegevens te halen. Het combineert expertise uit verschillende domeinen, waaronder statistiek,
wiskunde, informatica, machine learning, data engineering en domeinkennis.

Belangrijke elementen van het Data Science-concept zijn:

1. Data Verzameling: Verzamelen van gegevens uit verschillende bronnen, zoals databases,
sensoren, tekstbestanden, sociale media en meer.
2. Data Verwerking en Opslag: Het voorbereiden, opschonen en opslaan van gegevens in een
geschikte vorm voor analyse. Dit omvat vaak data cleaning, data transformation en data
integration.
3. Exploratieve Data Analyse (EDA): Het verkennen van de gegevens om patronen, trends en
belangrijke kenmerken te ontdekken. Hier worden statistische methoden en
visualisatietechnieken gebruikt om een dieper begrip van de gegevens te verkrijgen.
4. Machine Learning: Het toepassen van algoritmen en modellen om voorspellingen te doen of
patronen in de gegevens te ontdekken. Machine Learning wordt gebruikt voor taken zoals
classificatie, regressie, clustering en aanbevelingssystemen.
5. Feature Engineering: Het selecteren of creëren van de meest relevante kenmerken (features)
om de prestaties van machine learning-modellen te verbeteren.
6. Model Evaluatie en Validatie: Beoordelen van de prestaties van machine learning-modellen
om ervoor te zorgen dat ze nauwkeurig en betrouwbaar zijn. Cross-validatie en testen op
onafhankelijke datasets zijn vaak onderdeel van dit proces.
7. Inzichten en Besluitvorming: Het interpreteren van de resultaten en het afleiden van
bruikbare inzichten. Data Science is vaak gericht op het ondersteunen van zakelijke
besluitvorming en het ontdekken van waardevolle patronen in de gegevens.
8. Communicatie: Het presenteren van de resultaten en inzichten aan belanghebbenden op een
begrijpelijke en impactvolle manier. Dit kan de vorm aannemen van rapporten, visualisaties of
interactieve dashboards.

Data Science wordt in verschillende sectoren toegepast, waaronder bedrijfsleven, gezondheidszorg,
financiën, marketing, wetenschappelijk onderzoek en meer. Het speelt een cruciale rol in het benutten
van de groeiende hoeveelheid beschikbare gegevens om waarde te creëren en betere beslissingen te
ondersteunen.




CRISP-DM
CRISP-DM staat voor Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining, en het is een gestandaardiseerd
procesmodel dat wordt gebruikt voor het ontwikkelen van data mining en data science projecten. Het
biedt een overzicht van de stappen die betrokken zijn bij het hele dataminingproces, van het begrijpen van
de zakelijke doelstellingen tot het implementeren van de resultaten. Hier zijn de zes fasen van CRISP-DM:




Samenvatting Smart Instrumentations, door Seppe Vermeulen Pagina 4 van 54

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