Exam (elaborations)
General Biology 115 Final Exam/316 Questions with Solutions
- Course
- Institution
General Biology 115 Final Exam/316 Questions with Solutions
[Show more]
Content preview
General Biology 115 FinalExam/316 Questions with
Solutions
How does long term memory work? - -Activated when needed => pulled into
short term (working) memory
-Long term potentiation - -use of information is like a sorting process
-T/F: If information is not used, then it is discarded - -True
-LTP is facillitated by - -Chunking
-Emeregnce - -The whole is greater than the sum of the parts
-Emergent Properties - -Results from the arrangement and interaction of
parts within a system
-Reductionism - -Reduction of complex systems to simpler components that
are more manageable to study
-Scientific Method - -Make an observation
Do background research
Make a hypothesis
Create an experiment
Evaluate the results of the experiment
If the predictions are wrong, make a new hypothesis and start over from step
3
Revise predictions
Repeat and verify
-4 most abundant elements - -C, H, O, N
-Ionic bonds - -Between atoms => the more electronegative elements
steals an electron
-Van der Waals Interactions - --Develop because electrons are in constant
motion
-single interaction is weak but multiple are strong
-Hydrogen bonds - --very strong dipole-dipole interaction
-H + F, O, N
, -Cohesive behavior - --polar molecules side with different charges are
attracted to each other
-surface tension is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
-Hydrophillic - -Ions, salts, polar, "water loving"
-Hydrophobic - -Lipids, nonpolar, "water hating"
-Organic compounds - --carbon based compounds
-carbon bonded to another carbon or hydrogen
-Hydrocarbons - --only hydrogen and carbon
-nonpolar, uncharged, hydrophobic
-Hydroxyl group - --alcohol
-polar
-form hydrogen bodns with water
-hydrophillic
-Ketone - --internal carbonyl group
-polar
-hydrophillic
-Aldehyde - --terminal carbonyl group
-polar
-hydrophillic
-Carboxyl group - --polar
-hydrophillic
-very acidic
-Amino group - --proton acceptor => basic
-hydrophillic
-Sulfhydryl group - --structure of some proteins
-less polar than a hydroxyl group
-Phosphate group - --contributes a negative charge
-acidic
-hydrophillic
-phospholipids & nucleic acids
-Methyl group - --nonpolar hydrocarbon
-hydrophobic
-control of gene expression
-shape and function of sex hormones
, -Macromolecules - --large complex molecules that are formed by thousands
of atoms
-carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
-Enzymes - -speed up chemical reactions
-Hydrolysis - --"to break with water"
-using water to break polymers
-regulated by hydrolyses
-Dehyration synthesis - --synthesizes monomers together
-removes water
regulated by dehydrogenase
-Carbohydrates - --fuel & building material
-hydrophillic
-polysaccharides attached to proteins = glycoproteins or lipids
-cell identification (ex: blood types)
-Lipids - --not true polymers
-hydrophobic
-dissolve in nonpolar solvents => nonpolar
-3 important families: fats, phospholipids, steroids
-Fats - --highly concentrated energy
-consists of one glycerol (3 carbon alcohol with 3 -OH) & 1-3 fatty acids
-Fatty Acids - --carboxyl group with a long, unbraided hydrocarbon tail
-added to glycerol during dehydration synthesis
-form a covalent bond => ester linkage
-triglyceride = main storage of fat
-Phospholipids - --glycerol & 2 fatty acids (hydrophobic)
-phosphate group (hydrophillic
-polar
-acidic
-Steroids - --3 rings with 6 carbons & 1 ring with 5 carbons
-differ in side chains or functional groups attached
-Proteins - --made of amino acids
-monomers are bound together with peptide bonds through dehydration
synthesis => becomes polypeptide
-primary structure => secondary structure => tertiary structure =>
quatinary structure
, -Primary structure of proteins - -sequence of amino acids joined by peptide
bonds in a polypeptide chain
-Secondary structure of proteins - --hydrogen bonds
-R groups do NOT participate
-alpha helix = coil
-beta pleated sheet
-Tertiary structure of proteins - --interrelationships of R groups fold into
particular 3D shapes
-can have all types of bonds (hydrogen, ionic, covalent, disulfide)
-Quatinary structure of proteins - --two or more polypeptide chains
-no more folding
-Denaturation - --a loss of a protein's native structure
-biologically inactive
-pH, salt concentration & temperature are all factors that can cause
denaturation
-low temperature slows down an enzymatic reaction
-even a short exposure to a high temperature can denature a protein
-Nucleic acids - --monomers are nucleotides
-transmit hereditary information & determine protein production
-4 factors of abiotic synthesis - -1) little / no free oxygen
2) source of energy
3) presence of chemical building blocks
4) time
-Miller & Urey experiment - --simulated early conditions of early Earth
-formed amino acids & other organic molecules
-Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis - --life formed at the cracks of the ocean floor
=> hydrothermal vents
-hot water, carbon monoxide, and mineral such as iron & nickel sulfide
released
-Steps of abiogenesis - -1) abiotic synthesis of monomers
2) synthesis of macromolecules
3) formation of protocells
4) self-replicating DNA
-Synthesis of macromolecules - --formation of polymers from monomers
-monomers polymerize on hot sand or on rock
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Nursephil2023. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $18.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
81849 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now