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Final Exam NUR6501 Advanced Pathophysiology, 2024

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Final Exam NUR6501 Advanced Pathophysiology, 2024 **Question 1** Describe the physiological changes that occur in the body during the stress response. The stress response involves activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to increased secretion of cortisol and c...

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  • October 13, 2024
  • 54
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • final exam nur6501 advanced pathophysiology 2024

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Final Exam NUR6501 Advanced
Pathophysiology, 2024
**Question 1**

Describe the physiological changes that occur in the body during the stress response.

The stress response involves activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis,

leading to increased secretion of cortisol and catecholamines, which prepare the body for 'fight

or flight' by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose availability.



**Question 2**

What role do free radicals play in cellular injury?

Free radicals cause oxidative damage to cellular components, including lipids, proteins, and

DNA, contributing to the development of various diseases and aging.



**Question 3**

Explain the significance of the inflammatory response in tissue healing.

The inflammatory response is essential for tissue healing as it involves the recruitment of

immune cells to the site of injury, removal of pathogens and debris, and the initiation of the

repair process through cytokine signaling and tissue regeneration.



**Question 4**

Discuss the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).



1

, HFpEF is characterized by impaired diastolic filling due to ventricular stiffness and reduced

compliance, leading to elevated filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, and systemic

symptoms, often seen in elderly patients with comorbidities like hypertension.



**Question 5**

What are the primary mechanisms of action for beta-blockers in the treatment of hypertension?

Beta-blockers lower blood pressure by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart

rate and contractility, decreasing cardiac output, and inhibiting renin release from the kidneys,

which lowers angiotensin II levels.



**Question 6**

Describe the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin

deficiency, while Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, often

associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.



**Question 7**

How does chronic kidney disease (CKD) affect mineral and bone metabolism?

CKD leads to decreased renal excretion of phosphate and reduced activation of vitamin D,

causing secondary hyperparathyroidism, hyperphosphatemia, and disturbances in calcium

metabolism, contributing to renal osteodystrophy.



**Question 8**

2

,Explain the role of cytokines in the immune response.

Cytokines are signaling proteins that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and

hematopoiesis, facilitating communication between immune cells and orchestrating the body's

response to infection and injury.



**Question 9**

What is the pathophysiological mechanism of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and airflow

limitation due to structural changes in the airways and alveoli, primarily caused by smoking and

environmental pollutants.



**Question 10**

Discuss the effects of aging on the cardiovascular system.

Aging leads to structural and functional changes in the cardiovascular system, including

arterial stiffness, decreased myocardial contractility, and impaired autonomic regulation,

increasing the risk of hypertension and heart failure.



**Question 11**

Describe the clinical significance of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in assessing neurological

function.

The GCS assesses a patient's level of consciousness based on eye, verbal, and motor

responses, providing crucial information about neurological status, potential brain injury, and the

need for immediate intervention.

3

, **Question 12**

What are the common causes of metabolic alkalosis?

Common causes of metabolic alkalosis include vomiting, diuretic use, hypokalemia, and

excessive bicarbonate intake, leading to increased blood pH and potential complications.



**Question 13**

Explain the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in blood pressure

regulation.

RAAS regulates blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and fluid

volume expansion through the actions of angiotensin II and aldosterone, maintaining

cardiovascular homeostasis.



**Question 14**

What are the characteristic findings of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

ARDS is characterized by severe hypoxemia, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, and decreased

lung compliance due to diffuse alveolar damage and increased permeability of the alveolar-

capillary membrane.



**Question 15**

Discuss the impact of hyperthyroidism on the body's metabolic processes.




4

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