This is the final lab practical in biodiversity. This explores the key characteristics of each phylum and class along with their symmetry, reproduction and important bodily characteristics.
*Essential Study Material!!
Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
- Asymmetrical
- Sessile
-Spicules: provide sponges with structure.
- Filter feeder: eats plankton. Uses with flagellated collar
cells/choanocytes to draw in water and ingest
food.
Phylum Cnidaria-
- Common features are radial symmetry and
nematocysts/cnidae (stinging cells)
- Polyp – sessile form
- Medusa – free-swimming form
- Both sexual and asexual reproduction
• Class Hydrozoa – Hydras, Siphonophore, Hydroids
o Freshwater and marine
o Body plan includes tentacles, mouth, and gastrovascular
cavity
o Some, like hydras reproduce via asexual budding
• Class Scyphozoa – True Jellyfish
o Dome-shaped bell with many tentacles
o Feed on plankton using nematocysts in tentacles
o, Start life sessile (polyp) which buds into free-swimming
larvae.
o Adults are free-swimming medusae.
• Class Cubozoa – Box jellies
o Cube-shaped body with 4 tentacles
o Some species have powerful (deadly) poison.
• Class Anthozoa – Anemones, Sea fans
(Gorgonians), Corals
o Polyp form throughout life cycle
o Corals form a calcium carbonate matrix: together they form coral reefs.
o Feed on small animals and plankton. Corals are symbiotic (have algae
in their tissues that produce food)
Phylum Ctenophora – Comb jellies
- Bilateral symmetry
- Frees swimming medusa only
- Move via rows of cilia
- Feed on plankton and other gelatinous animals (including other ctenophores)
, Protostomes (Animals where the fertilized egg develops a mouth first).
Two kinds: of Protostomes: Lophotrochozoans and Ecdysozoans
Lophotrochozoans: Lophotrochozoans have a crown of ciliated tentacles (lophophores)
and top-shaped larvae (trochophores) All Lophotrochozoans are bilaterally symmetrical
• Class Turbellaria – flatworms
o Flattened bodies, sometimes with bright color
o Marine and Freshwater
o Some, like Dugesia, have amazing regenerative powers
o Predatory
o Asexual, and sexual (hermaphroditic)
• Class Cestoda – Tapeworms
o Very long body, head with hooks and suckers
o Parasitic
• Class Trematoda – Flukes
o Wide flattened body
o Head with hooks and suckers
o Parasitic
Phylum Rotifera - Rotifers
- Complete digestive stem
- Corona – crown of cilia used in feeding
- Feed on microorganisms like phytoplankton
Phylum Mollusca
- Head, foot, and visceral mass region
- Bilaterally symmetrical
- Muscular foot used for locomotion
- Many have a calcium carbonate shell
- Some have a rasping tongue-like organ
called a radula, used for feeding
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