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MDSC 321 EXAM LATEST UPDATE
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MDSC 321 EXAM LATESTUPDATE
immunology *functional definition* - Answer how many organism interacts with the
biological world. every living thing has a form of immunity. immuno provides a set of
skills to allow you to question and understand these interactions; formulate answers
based on evidence
immunology *dictionary definition* - Answer from Latin "Immunis" meaning exemption
from service/duty, and later exemption from disease.
MODERN DEFINITION: Science of how our body recognizes itself, and how it produces
soluble and cellular defenses --> cellular defenses to DISEASE
disease - Answer pattern of response of a living organism to some form of injury.
immune system responds to any form of injury
some cellular defenses against... - Answer pathogens, allergies, transplants, mutated
cells (cancer) --> when immune system fails to attack mutated cells, tumour grows.
Thucydides - Answer - man's earliest attempt to define immunity
- *Justinian Plague*: killed 30-50 million about half the population. burned bodies left
and right.
- no knowledge of germ theory or disease, that bacteria existed
- doctors with beak masks and large coat "healed" people. thought to be airborne
- ppl who survived were given the most compassion because they experienced the
disease and now had no fear
- could not be infected again
- first observation of immunization -->. try to formulate answers based on evidence
celsus - Answer *cardinal signs of inflammation* that occur during ALL forms of
inflammation. purposefully done by our immune system to protect us:
- Rubor (redness): more blood cells to site
- Tumor (Swelling): fluid goes to area
- Calor (heat): cells are metabolizing more
- Dolor (pain): immune molecules we secrete kill intruders as well as our own cells. pain
stops us from using that part of the body so we can heal and repair
,Galen - Answer 5th cardinal sign of inflammation: *Functio Laesa*: loss of function, for
our own protection!! to heal!! and prevent us from harming it some more
chinese in 12th century - Answer inhaled ground crusts (scab powder) from small pox
pustules. contained a weakened live virus. mildly sick but got immunity!
turks in 12th century - Answer inserted crusts (scab powder) from small pox pustules
into small cuts in skin. dragged scalpels across the body and put powder in the cuts.
mildly sick but immune!
smallpox facts - Answer 30-80% fatality or 8/10. worst disease ever
lady mary wortley montague - Answer - wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople
- allowed her children to be vaccinated against smallpox, against husband's will
- introduced technique to Britain when she returned and western world
- vaccines were not recognized by western medicine. immunity only occurred in
marginalized communities until HER !
Edward Jenner - Answer - one of the most famous people in immunology
- noticed that military (despite crowded living condition), farmers, and milkmaids never
got smallpox. they worked with horses
- cowpox produced similar symptoms to smallpox.
_ "golden age of immunology" where ethics boards didn't exist. he was able to infect an
unwilling boy with cowpox
- earliest form of immunization and had anti vaxxers
- since 1975, vaccines for smallpox were not given
John Snow - Answer - cholera outbreak in Broad Street, London. 127 dead in 3 days, 500
by 10 days.
- centred around a public well, which snow thought was contaminated
- once he removed the pump handle so people couldn't drink from that well, outbreak
ended
- first example of community based epidemiology where we can track source of infection
cholera - Answer infection from drinking contaminated water. causes diarrhea
Robert Koch - Answer - formulated Koch's Postulates
- discovered that microbes cause wounds to go septic (cause infection and pus-y
wounds). if we can keep microbes out, we would prevent infection
,- identified bacteria that causes tuberculosis and cholera
- 1905 Nobel prize
Koch's Postulates - Answer ALL INFECTIONS MUST SATISFY THESE 4 CONDITIONS
- Organism should be constantly present in animals suffering from disease and should
not be present in healthy individuals. everyone w sane disease must have the same
infectious thing in them
- The organism must be cultured in pure culture away from the animal body in Petri dish
.
- Such a culture, when inoculated into susceptible animals, should initiate the
characteristic disease symptoms and get sick.
- The organism should be re-isolated from the experimental animals and cultured again
in the laboratory, after which it still should be the same as the original organism.
exceptions to Koch's Postulates - Answer - any virus since they can't be cultured in a
Petri dish because it needs your body to infect. and it changes every year (Flu)
- prions: misfolded proteins that can transmit their misfolded shape onto variants of the
same protein. cause neurodegenerative diseases
Louis Pasteur - Answer - Discovered that pretreatment with attenuated Cholera bacteria
gave protection to chickens. weakened cholera bacteria was given to chickens. when
full strength cholera was given to same chickens, they lived
- Tested an Anthrax vaccine on sheep on island - 100% of vaccinated sheep lived, 100%
of controls died. no one believed him at first
- Developed a rabies vaccine for dogs.
- Treated Joseph Meister with rabies vaccine --> rabies was 100% fatal
- one of the largest names in immunology
Louis Pasteur and vaccines - Answer developed idea of vaccine. You could get
immunized with another disease but no vaccine existed yet. Thought that you can
immunize people with the SAME infectious organisms if you weaken them first. Weaken
by growing bacteria at the wrong temp, then you won't get sick when infected.
Afterwards, you will survive when given the real bacteria.
von Behring 1890s - Answer - Reported transfer of serum (plasma isolated from blood)
from an animal immunized to diphtheria could confer protection to another individual,
even to lethal dose of bacteria. *diphtheria anti-toxin*
- adoptive transfer of protective immunity thru serum transfer. proved humoral immunity
--> how you check for vaccination
, - passive: have never seen infection or learned it but they are given immune molecules
and are protected; no memory
- Led to the concept of *humoral immunity* --> immune system lives in plasma and liquid
part of blood. fluid neutralized infection
- specific: serum from a tetanus immunized mouse couldn't protect from diphtheria.
serum remembers specific pathogen
- Later studies by others identified additional properties of serum; lysis, agglutination,
toxin neutralization, opsonization.
- first Nobel Prize winner 1901
Paul Ehrlich - Answer - humoral immunity
- thought immune cells had specific "side chains" *amboceptors* (amphiphilic receptors
that bind to both pathogen and self). later calls them "Antikoper" each with their own
specificity
- Binding of pathogen/toxin to a specific side chain would trigger the production and
release of many more side chains each with the same specificity
- component 1 were proteins produced by cells and both expressed on cell surface and
released into blood
- component 2 was non specific blood component that "complemented" antibodies
- c1 sees and c2 kills
- Nobel Prize 1908
Metchnikoff - Answer - zoologist/anatomist who worked with sea urchins
- used hammer to smash sea urchins. observed some cells from sea urchins could
internalize certain matter; cells crawl around and eat intruder bacteria --> named them
*phagocytes* in 1882
- led to *cell-mediated immunity*: white blood cells have immunity
- Nobel Prize 1908
- there was a strong fear and panic for H1N1 yet only 40% people got vaccinated
- 95% people didn't trust the media during H1N1 crisis. This is a problem because how
do we communicate severity, safety, warnings, and tell them to get vaccinated if they
don't trust media. it was a source of information
- 72% viewed the WHO negatively - Answer
endemic - Answer constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious
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