ATI Pharmacology Cardiovascular Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions

ATI Pharmacology Cardiovascular Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions Furosemide (Lasix) - Answer-High Ceiling Loop Diuretic; work in the ascending loop of henle. Block reabsorption of sodium and chloride and to prevent reabsorption of water. Furosemide (Lasix) therapeutic use - Answer-used when there is an emergent need for rapid mobilization of fluid. Pulmonary edema caused by heart failure. Treats hypercalcemia. Hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril) - Answer-Thiazide diuretic; work in early distal convoluted tubule; blocks reabsorption of sodium and chloride, and thus prevents reabsorption of water. Promotes diuresis. Hydrochlorthiazide (Hydrodiuril) therapeutic use - Answer-first choice for essential hypertension. Used for edema of mild-to-moderate heart failure and liver and kidney disease. Used with antihypertensive agents for blood pressure control. Mannitol (Osmitrol) - Answer-Osmotic diuretic; reduce intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure by raising serum osmolality and drawing fluid back in to the vascular and extravascular space. GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024 Page 2/6 Mannitol (Osmitrol) therapeutic uses - Answer-prevent kidney failure, such as hypovolemic shock and severe hypotension. Decreases IOP and ICP. Promote sodium retention and water excretion in clients who have hyponatremia and fluid volume excess. Captopril (capoten) - Answer-ACE inhibtor; block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II leading to vasodilation, excretion of water and sodium, and retention of potassium. Thiazide diuretics - Answer-often first medication given for hypertension. ACE inhibitors - Answer-hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction. Adverse effects: first dose orthostatic hypotension, cough, hyperkalemia, rash and altered taste, angioedema, neutropenia. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) - Answer-Losartan (Cozaar); blocks action of angiotensin II in the body. Results in vasodilation; excretion of sodium and water, and retention of potassium. Losartan (Cozaar) adverse effects - Answer-Angioedema and fetal injury. Aldosterone antagonists - Answer-eplerenone (Inspra) and spironolactone (Aldactone); reduce blood volume by blocking aldosterone receptors in the kidney. Used for hypertension and heart failure. GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024 Page 3/6 Aldosterone antagonist adverse effects - Answer-hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, flulike symptoms, fatigue, headache, and dizziness. Direct Renin inhibitors - Answer-aliskiren (Tekturna); binds with renin to inhibit production of angiotensin I, thus decreasing production of both angiotensin II and aldosterone. Relieves hypertension alone or with antihypertensive medication. Aliskiren (Tekturna) adverse effects - Answer-allergic reaction, angioedema, rash, hyperkalemia, and diarrhea. Calcium channel blockers - Answer-Nifedepine (Adalat, Procardia), Verapamil (Calan) and Diltiazem (Cardizem). Nifedepine (Adalat, Procardia) - Answer-Blocking of calcium channels in blood vessels leads to vasodilation or peripheral arterioles and arteries/arterioles of the heart. Verapamil (Calan) and Diltiazem (Cardizem) - Answer-Blocking of calcium channels in the blood vessels leads to vasodilation of peripheral arterioles and arteries/arterioles of the heart. Blocking of calcium channels in the myocardium, SA node, and AV node leads to decreased force of contraction, decreased hr, and slowing of rate of conduction through AV node. Nifedepine adverse effects - Answer-reflex tachycardia, peripheral edema, and acute toxicity. GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024 Page 4/6 Verapamil, Diltiazem adverse effects - Answer-orthostatic hypotension, constipation, suppression of cardiac function, dusrhythmias, acute toxicity resulting in hypotension, bradycardia, AV block, and ventricular tachydysrhythmias. Alpha Adrenergic Blockers (Sympatholytics) - Answer-Prazosin (Minipress); selective alpha1blockade results in venous and arterial dilation and smooth muscle relaxation. Used for primary hypertension. Prazosin (Minipress) adverse effects - Answer-First-dose orthostatic hypotension. Centrally acting Alpha2 agonists - Answer-Clonidine (Catapress); act within the CNS to decrease sympathetic outflow resulting in decreased stimulat