1. Describe the degree of global 'interconnection' after 1500 CE compared to before 1500. What
were the overall effects of this change in global interconnectedness? - answer✔Much more
interconnected due to trans-oceanic voyages and the addition of the Americas to the global
economy.
- Changing patterns of long-distance trade (global trade, new regional markets, and financial
centers)
-Spread of religious and cultural elements
-Migrations
-The spread of gems, crops, and animals
-European imperialism (the growth of an empire) new empires maritime and trading posts,
colonizations becomes part of imperialism
2. How did the global trade networks after 1500 CE affect the pre-existing regional trade
networks? (Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Trans-Saharan, Silk Roads) - answer✔Intensification
of all existing regional trade networks brought prosperity do well as economic disruption to the
merchants and gov. in those trading regions.
3. What technical developments made transoceanic European travel & trade possible? Where did
those developments originate? - answer✔European technical dev. in carthology and navigational
build on previous knowledge dev. in the classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds.
-New tools: astrolabe, revised maps
-Innovations in ship designs: fluits, caravels, carracks, gallions, tresure ships
-Improved understanding of global winds and current patterns
4. What were the major notable transoceanic voyages between 1450-1750 CE? - answer✔-China:
Ming sponsored Indian Ocean voyages of Zheng He which enhanced Chinese prestige.
-Portugal: school for navigation allowed travel and trade with West Africa and construction of a
global trading post-empire
-Spanish: sponsored the Columbian exchange and other voyages in the Atlantic & Pacific
increasing European interest in trans-oceanic travel and trade
-Other Europeans: cross the Atlantic for fishing and settlements in search of roots to Asia no
dramatic affect in Oceania & Polynesia due to infreakent Europeans.
5. What new financial and monetary means made new scale(s) of trade possible? -
answer✔Royal charter European Monopoly Co.
-took silver from Spanish Colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for Atl. market
-English & Dutch Stock Co. allowed rules to control their domestic & colonial economies and
merchants to compete one another
6. What previously established scale(s) of trade continued? - answer✔regional markets continued
to flourish in Afro-Eurasia using established commercial practices and new transoceanic
shipping services developed by European merchants (= middlemen)
7. Describe European merchants' overall trade role c. 1450-1750. - answer✔European merchants'
role in Asian trade was characterized mostly by transporting goods from one Asian country to
another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region (however, they also transported trade goods
back to the Atlantic markets and silver from the Americas to Asia)
8. What were the economic and social effects of the Atlantic trading system? - answer✔-
economic: movement of goods, wealth, raw materials, and free and unfree laborers
- social: mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples
9. What were the unintentional biological effects of the Columbian Exchange? - answer✔-the
spread of disease (measles, smallpox, influenza) that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere
among the Amerindian populations
-the transfer of vermin, including mosquitos and rats
10. What foods were transferred to new geographic regions as part of the Columbian Exchange,
and what were the labor systems that made this transfer possible? - answer✔- American foods
became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa: potatoes (Europe), maize (E.
Asia), and manioc (Africa)
- cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported to
Europe and the Middle East in this period: sugar, tobacco
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