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BIOL 235 final Exam Study Guide.

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BIOL 235 final Exam Study Guide. Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - answercarbonic anhydrase carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - answerthe conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water into carbonic acid fixed phagocytic macrophages - answerremove most old erythrocytes from circulation Location...

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  • October 15, 2024
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  • Bio 235
  • Bio 235
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©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS
10/3/2024 9:54 PM


BIOL 235 final Exam Study Guide.



Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - answer✔carbonic anhydrase

carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - answer✔the conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water
into carbonic acid

fixed phagocytic macrophages - answer✔remove most old erythrocytes from circulation

Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - answer✔narrow capillaries of the spleen

Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - answer✔in the bone marrow

pluripotent stem cells - answer✔continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and
lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells

emigration or diapedesis - answer✔The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary
endothelium to exit the vasculature

agglutinins - answer✔genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the
surface of an erythrocyte

ESV - answer✔volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed

Increase in ESV when - answer✔stroke volume is decreased

Three cations with important effect on heart function - answer✔K+, Ca2+, and Na+

Increased blood levels of NA+ - answer✔blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of contraction

Excess in K+ - answer✔blocks generation of action potentials

pharynx - answer✔serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow
inferiorly

larynx - answer✔passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production

, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS
10/3/2024 9:54 PM

paranasal sinuses - answer✔resonates sound, not part of the pharynx

fauces - answer✔opening from oral cavity into pharynx

tertiary bronchus - answer✔carries air to a segment of a lung

terminal bronchiole - answer✔carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole

pleural membranes - answer✔surround the lungs

surfactant - answer✔reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange

alveoli - answer✔actual sites of gas exchange

eupnea - answer✔normal, quiet breathing

costal breathing - answer✔shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles

compliance - answer✔amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall

inspiratory capacity - answer✔tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL
in males

vital capacity - answer✔tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume;
usually about 4800 mL in males

functional residual capacity - answer✔residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually
about 2400 mL in males

Henry's law - answer✔states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional
to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility

Bohr effect - answer✔when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases

Dalton's law - answer✔each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure

medulla oblongata - answer✔sets basic rhythm of breathing

pons - answer✔includes the pontine respiratory group

Blood is - answer✔a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed
elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)

Whole blood - answer✔blood plasma and formed elements

Blood plasma - answer✔proteins, water, other solutes

, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS
10/3/2024 9:54 PM

Blood plasma proteins - answer✔albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%)

Formed elements - answer✔red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Blood cell production - answer✔hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after birth

Reticulocyte - answer✔from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus

Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - answer✔120 days

Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - answer✔equals the rate of RBC destruction by
macrophages

Emigration or diapedesis is - answer✔the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels

WBCs use to destroy pathogens - answer✔lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions

Neutrophils - answer✔are usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection

Macrophages - answer✔react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do

Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - answer✔mesenchyme

Megakaryoblasts - answer✔platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes

Platelet - answer✔fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane

Platelet plug - answer✔can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small
enough

Hemostasis - answer✔sequence of responses that stops bleeding, vascular spasm, platelet plug
formation, blood clotting

Blood clot - answer✔gel that contains formed elements of the blood entangled in fibrin threads

In blood clotting - answer✔coagulation factors are activated in sequence, resulting in a cascade
of reactions that includes positive feedback cycles

Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting - answer✔fewer steps, thromboplastic leaks into the blood
from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates the formation of prothrombinase

Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting - answer✔more complex, occurs more slowly, activators are
in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) the blood. Outside tissue damage is
not needed.

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