Anatomy and Physiology Module 2
Test/59 Q’s and A’s
Free surface - -Open to the surroundings (top of cells)
-Basal surface - -The underside of the cells
-Basement membrane - -A "glue" that is secreted by the cells and binds the
cells to the underlying tissue. Is also avascular material
-Avascular - -Lacking blood vessels
-Simple Epithelium - -Composed of a single layer of cells
-Stratified Epithelium - -Composed of cells arranged in layers
-Squamous - -Flat cells
-Cuboidal - -Cells shaped like a cube
-Columnar - -Cells tall like a column
-Simple Squamous Epithelium - -Very simple cells with very few organelles
(not needed for their job)
Avascular
Oxygen and other nutrients diffuse into and out of the cells
Offers very little protection because it is too thin
Example: tiny air sacs in lungs
-Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - -Thicker, larger cells
More complex cells; more organelles
Allow diffusion and absorption and secretion
Example: Kidneys need to absorb certain chemicals and secrete others to
keep our blood chemistry balanced
-Simple Columnar Epithelium - -More cellular machinery (organelles)
Performs more complex secretion and absorption tasks
Goblet cells are present and their job is to produce mucus (a complex
mixture of fluids, proteins, and carbohydrates that covers, protects, and
lubricates free surfaces)
Examples: Lining of stomach and intestines are protected from the stomach
acid
-Stratified Epithelial Tissue - -Several layers thick
, Squamous cells are closest to the free surface
Named for the type of cell in the free surface
Deeper cells are cuboidal
Deeper cells are called basal cells because they're near the basal surface
The basement membrane isn't flat but is curvy instead
Example: skin; epidermis only
Forms a barrier
Example: skin is a barrier and protects from ultraviolet radiation
Skin is called a keratinized membrane
Function:
Barrier against taking in or losing too much water
Protection against pathogens and protects against UV light
-Design of skin - -Basal cells are dividing by mitosis
Older cells are getting pushed upward
Cells are dead by the time they get to the free surface. Diffusion can't
support them that far from the basement membrane (not always the case in
stratified epithelium)
Dead cells contain keratin that is waterproofing protein (skin is called a
keratinized membrane)
-Moist Stratified Squamous Epithelium - -Surface cells are covered in mucus
Surface cells are alive but much less active since they are so far from
basement membrane
Nonkeratinized
Example: tissue inside your mouth
-Stratified Transitional Epithelium - -Transitional means changeable in this
case
Stretches
Example: bladder
Tissue may be many layers (multilayered) when relaxed and a fewer layers
when stretched
-Pseudostratified Epithelium - -Falsely layered, like mentioned above
Different length cells not all touch free surface and basement, but some do
Has goblet cells and often cilia
Example: nasal passages because mucus from goblet cells trap particles and
cilia move them toward outside of body
-Goblet cells - -Main job is to produce mucus
-Mucus - -Complex mixture of fluids, proteins, and carbohydrates that
covers, protects, and lubricates a free surface within the body
Test/59 Q’s and A’s
Free surface - -Open to the surroundings (top of cells)
-Basal surface - -The underside of the cells
-Basement membrane - -A "glue" that is secreted by the cells and binds the
cells to the underlying tissue. Is also avascular material
-Avascular - -Lacking blood vessels
-Simple Epithelium - -Composed of a single layer of cells
-Stratified Epithelium - -Composed of cells arranged in layers
-Squamous - -Flat cells
-Cuboidal - -Cells shaped like a cube
-Columnar - -Cells tall like a column
-Simple Squamous Epithelium - -Very simple cells with very few organelles
(not needed for their job)
Avascular
Oxygen and other nutrients diffuse into and out of the cells
Offers very little protection because it is too thin
Example: tiny air sacs in lungs
-Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - -Thicker, larger cells
More complex cells; more organelles
Allow diffusion and absorption and secretion
Example: Kidneys need to absorb certain chemicals and secrete others to
keep our blood chemistry balanced
-Simple Columnar Epithelium - -More cellular machinery (organelles)
Performs more complex secretion and absorption tasks
Goblet cells are present and their job is to produce mucus (a complex
mixture of fluids, proteins, and carbohydrates that covers, protects, and
lubricates free surfaces)
Examples: Lining of stomach and intestines are protected from the stomach
acid
-Stratified Epithelial Tissue - -Several layers thick
, Squamous cells are closest to the free surface
Named for the type of cell in the free surface
Deeper cells are cuboidal
Deeper cells are called basal cells because they're near the basal surface
The basement membrane isn't flat but is curvy instead
Example: skin; epidermis only
Forms a barrier
Example: skin is a barrier and protects from ultraviolet radiation
Skin is called a keratinized membrane
Function:
Barrier against taking in or losing too much water
Protection against pathogens and protects against UV light
-Design of skin - -Basal cells are dividing by mitosis
Older cells are getting pushed upward
Cells are dead by the time they get to the free surface. Diffusion can't
support them that far from the basement membrane (not always the case in
stratified epithelium)
Dead cells contain keratin that is waterproofing protein (skin is called a
keratinized membrane)
-Moist Stratified Squamous Epithelium - -Surface cells are covered in mucus
Surface cells are alive but much less active since they are so far from
basement membrane
Nonkeratinized
Example: tissue inside your mouth
-Stratified Transitional Epithelium - -Transitional means changeable in this
case
Stretches
Example: bladder
Tissue may be many layers (multilayered) when relaxed and a fewer layers
when stretched
-Pseudostratified Epithelium - -Falsely layered, like mentioned above
Different length cells not all touch free surface and basement, but some do
Has goblet cells and often cilia
Example: nasal passages because mucus from goblet cells trap particles and
cilia move them toward outside of body
-Goblet cells - -Main job is to produce mucus
-Mucus - -Complex mixture of fluids, proteins, and carbohydrates that
covers, protects, and lubricates a free surface within the body
