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Earth Systems Exam 4 Questions with Correct Answers
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Fluvial processes - Answer-processes that involve running water Three types of fluvial processes - Answer-- Streamflow (channeled water) - Overland flow (unchanneled water) -- Infiltration excess overland flow --- Sheet flow on impermeable pavement -- Saturation excess overland flow --- Soi...

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  • October 15, 2024
  • 15
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • earth systems exam 4 questions with correct answer
  • fluvial processes answer processes that involve

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Earth Systems Exam 4 Questions with
Correct Answers
Fluvial processes - Answer-processes that involve running water

Three types of fluvial processes - Answer-- Streamflow (channeled water)
- Overland flow (unchanneled water)
-- Infiltration excess overland flow
--- Sheet flow on impermeable pavement
-- Saturation excess overland flow
--- Soil column is saturated with water and water flows over/on top of it
- Groundwater flow

Drainage basin/watershed - Answer-the area that contributes overland flow, streamflow,
and groundwater to a stream
- Drainage divide usually occurs at topographical highs/divides

Erosion by overland flow - Answer-- Impact of rain on soil particles
- Heavy rain and/or saturated ground > sheet flow
- Channelization
- Picking up material
- Splash → sheet → rill → gully

Erosion by streamflow - Answer-- Once channeled, fluvial erosion is greatly enhanced
- Picking up material from stream sides and bottom
- Debris mechanically erodes the streambed (like sandpaper)
- Erosion of channel banks
- Chemical weathering is enhanced in a stream

Effectiveness of streamflow erosion - Answer-- Bedrock is resistant to erosion
- Fast flows more turbulent and effective eroding agent
- Stream properties affecting flow speed
-- Slope (steeper slope - faster flow)
-- Shape (narrow channel typically faster flow)
-- Volume (large volume typically faster)
- Roughness (irregular channel increases turbulence)

Types of stream transport - Answer-- Dissolved - minerals (salt) dissolved in water
- Suspended - fine particles (clay, silt) moves with the water without touching the stream
bed
- Bedload - bigger particles (sand and larger) moves with the water along the streambed

How is it possible for tiny streams to shape landscapes - Answer-- Geologic time (over
time, streams will move things from higher ground to lower ground)

, - Mass wasting moves materials to valleys (streams can collect materials and get it
down to sea levels to the oceans)
- Floods!

Definition of stream discharge - Answer-- The volume of water that flows in a river per
unit time
- Q = wdv
-- Q - discharge
-- W - channel width
-- D - channel depth
-- V - velocity of water
-- Discharge will change with water input

Why are floods so important to the erosion and depositional work of streams? -
Answer-- Most erosion of valleys are accomplished during floods
- Large amounts of water in streams i.e. large discharge (volume flux)
- Much faster stream flow
- Flow of water increases with square of stream flow velocity
-- The size of particles that can be transported
-- The amount of material that can be transported

Power of water increases with square of stream flow velocity - Answer-- Doubling of
flow speed
-- Four times as (2^2) large particles
-- Four times the amount of material
- Tripling of flow speed
-- Nine times as (3^2) large particles
-- Nine times the amount of material

100-year Floods - Answer-- Definition: 1/100 probability of being exceeded in any year
(1%)
-- Calculated based on stream observations
- Possible to have more or less than one "100-year flood" in any given 100-year period

Stream erosion and transport - Answer-Erosion
- Erosion by overland flow and streams
- Fast flows more turbulent and effective eroding agent
Transport
- Dissolved, suspended, bedload
- Discharge
- Power of water increases with square of stream flow velocity
- Flooding (main thing that does transporting)

Stream Deposition - Answer-- Eventually suspended and bedload material will settle
down
- Flow speed and/or water volume decreases

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