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MMSC 491 Exam 1/224 Questions with Verified answers
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MMSC 491 Exam 1/224 Questions with Verified answers
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MMSC 491 Exam 1/224 Questionswith Verified answers
Nucleic Acids are - -DNA and RNA
-Types of Mutations - -1. Deletion
2. Duplication
3. Insertions
4. Tranlocation
-Translocation - -DNA is excahnged in reciprocal way from one chromosome
to another
-Epigenetic Mechanisms - --Changes in the phenotype
-Heritable Mutation
-Not from changes in the DNA sequences
-Causes of Epgentic mutation - -DNA Methylation or Histone modification
-Genome - -Collective term for the DNA molecule within a cell or molecule
-Genome in Prok - -Usually one large circular DNA
-Genome in Eul - -Large peices of proteins reerred to as chromosomes
-Genes - -DNA is broken up into gene that are spread between each
chromsome
-Exons - -Coding and are interrupting by Introns
-Introns - -Non coding regions
-DNA Molecules in Males - -25
(22 autosomes, 1 X, 1Y, ad n mitochrodrial DNA)
-DNA In femeales - -24 22 autosomes, 2X and Mitochrondrial DNA
-Wild Type DNA - -Oringinal DNA with no mutatoions
-Wobble Postition - -The third position in the triplet adn typically does not
efect whcih amino acid is formed
-Silent Mutations - -Change in 1 base of the nucleotide (typically in wobble)
and does not cause a change in the amino acid that is expressed
, -Nonsense Mutations - -singluar base is changed and causes early
termination in the sequence adn now causes a "stop" codon to form
-Missense Mutation - -Changed in 1 base and causes a change in the amino
acid that is expressed
2 Types: Conservative and Nonconservative
-Conservative Missense Mutation - -Amino acid changes, but the amino acid
that is put in has similar properties/that behave similary to the original amino
acid that was in place from the biochemical stand point
-Nonconservative Missense Mutation - -The new amino acid that is placed
has different chemical properties from the original amino acid prior to
mutations
-Difference between Deoxyribose and Ribose - -at the 2' psotion on the
deozy there is a hydrogen attached compared to Ribose that has an OH
group
-Effects of Epigentic Alteration - -1. Alters accessibility of DNA
2. Changes in gene Expression
-Purines - -Adenine and Guanine (has 2 rings)
-Pyramidines - -Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil (Has 1 ring
-DNA Bases - -AGTC
-RNA Bases - -AGUC
-Structure of ssDNA - --Asymetric 5' and 3' end
-5'end = phospahate group
-3' end: Hydroxyl Group
-DsDNA - --Strands run antiparralel
-Runs 5'-3' with the oppsosite running 3'-5'
-Hydrogen bonds between A &T - -2 hydrogen Bonds
-Hydrogen bonds between G and C - -3 hydrogen bonds
-DNA Replication is - -Semi-conservative
-DNA Polymerase synthesizes in the - -5'-3' direction
, -Leading strand of DNA - -DNA is syntheiszed in a processive manner in the
same way as the replciation fork (5'-3')
-Lagging Strand of DNA - -DNA is syntheiszed in a back stitich way, by using
fragments because it is synthesized in backwards way, these fragments
known as okazaki Fragemnts
-Classic DNA-Dependent Polymerase - --Builds off the template
-Required for DNA Replication
-Alpha, delta, epsilon, Beta, and Gamma
-Alpha DNA Polymerase - -Initiates DNA syntheiss and participates in
formation of the okazawki fragments
-Delta and Epsilon DNA Polymerase - -Major DNA Polymerase that play
major role in DNA Replication and Repair
-Beta DNA Polymerase - -Involved in DNA Repair
-Gamma DNA Polymerase - -Dedicatid to Mitochondrial DNA Repair and
Synthesis
-RNA Dependent DNA Polymerases - --Retrosposon Reverse Transcriptase
-Telomerase Reverse Transciptase
-Involved in Retrosposon Reverse Transcription - -Occasionly convert mRNA
and other RNA to cDNA that integrate into our genome that can give rise to
new genes
-Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) - --Replicates DNA at end of
Linear Chromsomes using RNA Template
-Ends of chromsomes are not replicated in DNA synthesis use seperate
Process
-Transcription - --Synthesis of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
-Function end point of gene expression are RNA which include
a)tRNA
b)rRNA
c) ETC
-Results in syntheis of RNA transcription in 5'-3' direction
-Carried out by RNA Polymerase
-Is complementary to that of the Template strand
-Sense strand is the template strand being used or transcription
-mRNA - -Because it contains the "coding: needed to produce protein
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