Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body
→ - carnosine (B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via an
energy dependent reaction cartelized by carnosine synthetase
→ -found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
→ -availabl...
CISSN EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2024/2025
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body
→ - carnosine (B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via an
energy dependent reaction cartelized by carnosine synthetase
→ -found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
→ -available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
→ - antioxidant activity (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation
→ - suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
→ - regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
→ - primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of sports
nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested
that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+
originating from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and
suppresses a loss of force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose?
→ - a highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water soluble and absorbed by the
gut more quickly than dextrose or maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this
claim.
→ -has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to remain,
increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting muscle function?
→ Vitamin D
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic precursors?
→ Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate, pyruvate, glycerol (a catabolic product of
triglycerols) and certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes?
→ Results suggest that moderate consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated
coffee may lower risk of type II diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Coffee
constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of type II diabetes
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage?
→ - The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate supplementation
attenuated the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle forces during recovery
from exercise-induced muscle injury
→ - The current study demonstrates that whey protein is a partially hydrolyzed (pre-
digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the
rate of repair processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense
training, in particular, eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant fuel source
during distance running?
→ fat (oxidation)
How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat?
→ approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and performance?
→ decrease thermoregulation and performance
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-exhaustion and
dehydration stress?
→ Results demonstrate that AG supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit
by increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect
was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity?
Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to exercising
in the heat?
→ Complete acclimation takes up to 14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4 weeks?
→ - Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end product of leucine metabolism in
human tissues such as muscle and connective tissue. According to the clinical and
experimental studies, HICA can be considered as an anti-catabolic substance. The
present study investigated the effects of HICA supplementation on body composition,
delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical performance of athletes during
a training period
→ -already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small increases in
muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes
What is a BOD-POD?
→ a body composition recording device that uses air displacement plethysmography
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions does one
fuel source predominate over the other?
→ -Fat oxidation primarily occurs at low intensity long duration exercise
→ -Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise
What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance?
→ -betaine supplementation may positively affect exercise performance through
favorable lactate and preferential fatty acid substrate metabolism
→ - has been down to increase power, force, and maintenance
Chronic heavy resistance training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle?
→ - increase in muscle strength and size (hypertrophy)
→ -greater increase in Type II muscle fibers
→ -shift in fiber type IIx to IIa
Regular aerobic training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle?
→ -increased oxidative capacity, increased number and size of mitochondria, increase in
enzymes of metabolic pathways involved in oxidative metabolism
→ ---------succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (krebs cycle tricarboxylic
acid cycle)
What has the greatest effect on the sedentary person's daily energy expenditure?
→ resting metabolic rate
What activities or sports use ATP-PCr energy system as the main energy system?
→ short, high intensity sports (sprinting, power lifting, high jump, long jump)
What dose of creatine, after creatine loading, will maintain elevated creatine levels for 28
days?
→ A typical creatine supplementation protocol of either a loading phase of 20 to 25 g
CM/d or 0.3 CM/kg/d split into 4 to 5 daily intakes of 5 grams each have been
recommended to quickly saturate creatine stores in the skeletal muscle. However, a
more moderate protocol where several smaller doses of creatine are ingested along
the day (20 intakes of 1 g every 30 min) could be a better approach to et a maximal
saturation of the intramuscular creatine store. In order to keep the maximal saturation
of body creatine, the loading phase must be followed by a maintenance period of 3-5
g CM/d or 0.03 g CM/kg/d
What role do vitamins play in metabolism?
→ Vitamins are the building blocks/precursors to cell parts and enzymes involved in
substrate metabolism
Where does most of the energy for ATP phosphorylation come from?
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