ESS 3 Final Exam study guide verified A+
ls ls ls ls ls ls ls
Vitaminls-lscorrectlsanswers-
alscomplexlsorganiclscompoundlsatlsregulateslscertainlsmetaboliclsprocesseslsinlsthelsbody.lsMustlsmeetlsthelsfollo
winglscriteria:ls
-lsbodylscannotlssynthesizelsorlsmakelsenoughlsoflsitlstolsmaintainlsgoodlshealth
-naturallylsoccurslsinlscommonlylseatenlsfoods
-
signslsandlssymptomslsoflsalshealthlsproblemls(deficiencylsdisorder)lseventuallylsoccurlsiflsthelssubstancelsislsmissi
nglsfromlsthelsdietls
-lsarelsmicronutrients
FatlsSolublelsvslsWaterlsSolublelsVitaminsls-lscorrectlsanswers-•fat-
soluble:lscanlsaccumulatelsinlsstoredlsfatls(difficultlstolseliminate)lsrequireslsproteinlscarrierslsforlstransportlsacros
slscellularlsbarriers,lsabsorbedlsfirstlsintolsthelslymphaticlssystemlsbeforelsitlsenterslsthelsbloodlsstream
•water-soluble:lsexcretedlsthroughlsthelsurinelsandlsdissolvelsinlswaterylscomponentslsoflsthelsfoodlsandlsbody
ListlsoflsFatlsSolublelsVitaminsls-lscorrectlsanswers-Als(retinol),lsD,lsE,lsK
ListlsoflsWaterlsSolublelsVitaminsls-lscorrectlsanswers-Thiaminls(B1),lsriboflavinls(B2),lsniacinls(B3),lsvitaminlsB-
6lspantotheniclsacid,lsfolate,lsbiotin,lsvitaminlsb-12ls(collectivelylsknownlsthelsBlsvitamins)ls,lsandlsvitaminlsC
Risklsoflstoxicitylsorlsdeficiencylslevelsls-lscorrectlsanswers-numerouslsnegativelsoutcomeslsoflsboth
Storagelsdifferencelsoflswaterlsandlsfatlssolublelsvitaminsls-lscorrectlsanswers-
waterlssolublelsnotlseasilylsstoredlswhilelsfatlssolublelsvitaminslsarelssolswelsneedlstolsconsumelsthemlslesslsconsist
ently
GenerallsIntakelsRecommendationlsoflsVitaminsls(large,lsdaily,lsetc,lsnotlsRDAlsvalues)ls-lscorrectlsanswers-
needlsmorelswaterlssolublelsoneslsthanlsfatlssoluble
VitaminlsKls(mainlsfunctions,lsmainlsfoodlssources,lscoenzymes)ls-lscorrectlsanswers-
mainlsfunction:lsneededlsmostlylsforlsbloodlsclottingls
mainlssources:lsgreenlsleafylsvegetables,lscanolalsandlssoybeanlsoils,lsandlsproductslsmadelsfromlstheselsoilsls
-
lscoenzymeslsarelsalssmall,lsorganiclsmoleculelsthatlsinteractslswithlsenzymeslsand,lsaslsalsresult,lsregulateslsalsche
micallsreaction
, -lstolssynthesizelsalscoenzyme,lscellslscombinelsonelsoflsthelsBlsvitaminslswithlsalsnitrogen-
containing,lsnonproteinlscompound
VitaminlsDls(function,lsmainlsfoodlsandlsotherlssources)ls-lscorrectlsanswers-
Functions:lsabsorptionlsoflscalciumlsandlsphosphorous,lsmaintenancelsoflsnormallsbloodlscalcium,lscalcificationls
oflsbone,lsmaintenancelsoflsimmunelsfunctionls(bonelshealth,lsgrowthlsandlsdevelopment)
-lsactslsaslsalshormone.ls
Sources:lsVitamin-
lsDlsfortifiedlsmilk,lsfortifiedlscereals,lsfishlsliverlsoils,lsfattylsfishls(salmon,lstuna,lsmackarellsthelsbest)
vitaminlsDlsinteractionlswithlscalciumls-lscorrectlsanswers-
Necessarylsforlsbonelscalcification.lsAlsvitaminlsDlsdeficiencylscreateslscalciumlsdeficiencylsbecauselsitlsslowslsthel
sproductionlsoflscalbindinls(alscalcium-
bindinglstransportlsprotein).lsSolsevenlsiflstherelsislsadequatelsamountslsoflscalciumlsinlsthelsdiet,lsitlsisn'tlsabsorbe
d,lsthuslsleavinglsthelsboneslsundersupplied
-lsvitaminlsDlsislsalsolscruciallsforlsphosphorouslsabsorption
VitaminlsAls(mainlsfunctions,lssources,lsretinol)ls-lscorrectlsanswers-Antioxidantls
-lsMajorlsfunctions:lsnormallsvisionlsandlsreproduction,lscellularlsgrowth,lsandlsimmunelssystemlsfunction
-lsSources:lsliver,lsmilk,lsfortifiedlscereals,lseggs
-lsprovitaminlsalssources:lsyellow-orangelsandlsdarklsgreenlsfruitslsandlsvegetables
Beta-lsCarotenels(provitaminlsvitaminlsA,lscarotenoid,lsfunctions)ls-lscorrectlsanswers-
bonelshealth,lsgrowthlsandlsdevelopment,lsimmunelsfunction,ls
-lsBeta-lsCarotenelsislsalscarotenoidlsthatlsthelsbodylscanlsconvertlstolsvitaminlsA
-lscarotenoid:lsyellow-
orangelspigments,lssomelsarelsvitaminlsalsprecursorslsbecauselsthelsbodylscanlsuselsthemlstolsmakelssomelsretinol
-lsalsolsanlsantioxidant,lsitlsislsstoredlsinlshumanlsfatlstissue.
B-lsVitaminsls(grouplsfunctions,lssources,lsdeficiencylsissues)ls-lscorrectlsanswers-B-
vitmainslsarelsgenerallylsnotlstoxiclsinlshighlsdoses,lsbutlsB-6lsis
Folatels(functions,lssupplementationls(whichlsdemographic?),lsdeficiencylsissues)ls-lscorrectlsanswers-
functions:lsPartlsoflscoenzymelsneededlsforlsDNAlssynthesislsandlsconversionlsoflscysteinelstolsmethionine,lspreve
ntinglshomocysteinelsaccumulationls(redlsbloodlscelllsformation)
-lscertainlsroleslsoflsB-12lsandlsFolatelsarelsinterrelated
FolatelsDeficiencylsIssuesls(NTD)ls-lscorrectlsanswers-
NTDlsislsNeurallsTubelsDefects.lsPregnantlswomenlsneedlsmorelsfolatelsduringlspregnancylsbecauselsDNAlssynthe
sislsandlscelllsdivisionlstakelsplacelsatlsalsrapidlspacelsduringlsembryoniclsdevelopment.
