PSYC 305: CH's 9, 11, 12, 14 || with 100% Errorless
Answers.
Which of the following benefits does a hierarchical network provide? correct answers It is
efficient because information is stored only once
The text points out that plums and lawn mowers share many traits. This suggests thatThe text
points out that plums and lawn mowers share many traits. This suggests that correct answers In
judging resemblance, we must determine which traits matter and which do not.
The term "basic-level category" refers to the correct answers most natural level of categorization,
neither too specific nor too general.
Reuben is visiting the aquarium and has just seen an octopus for the very first time. Reuben is
therefore likely to have correct answers only exemplar-based knowledge for the concept of
octopus.
Participants are asked which birds they think are "particularly birdy" and which birds are "not
very birdy." We should expect that the birds judged as "birdiest" are birds correct answers
identified quickly in a picture-identification task
In a hierarchical network of "animals," the property "eats" would be stored correct answers at the
highest level.
Imagine that you mistakenly believe that Marie Antoinette was the queen of Austria. You learn
later that she was the queen of France. How will this adjustment in knowledge be represented in
a PDP model? correct answers The connection between Marie Antoinette and Austria will
become weaker, while the connection between Marie Antoinette and France will become
stronger.
Exemplar and prototype theories are similar in the following ways EXCEPT that correct answers
both theories require previous memories to be averaged, or combined
Collins and Quillian (1969) suggest that information is organized ______. correct answers
hierarchically
A mutilated lemon will still be categorized as a lemon, while a counterfeit $20 bill will not be
categorized as money. What does this say about categorization? correct answers Category
membership cannot be based on resemblance alone.
Stereotypes are only formed based on salient features such as gender or ethnicity one considers
consciously. correct answers False because neither conscious consideration or salient features are
needed to cause stereotype formation.
,A lemon that has been painted red, white, and blue and then run over by a car is still likely to be
categorized as a lemon. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of why this
might be? correct answers Superficial things like color do not play a role in categorization.
According to exemplar theory, typicality effects correct answers reflect the fact that typical
category members are probably frequent in our environment and are therefore frequently
represented in memory.
According to prototype theory, the mental representation for each concept correct answers
represents an average or ideal for the category's members.
Basic-level categories have all of the following traits EXCEPT correct answers basic-level
descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general descriptions.
Maxine has sustained brain damage to her left temporal lobe, which influences her ability to
categorize efficiently. Which of the following is most likely to describe the problems that
Maxine will face? correct answers She will lose the ability to discriminate some categories but
others will remain unaffected.
In a PDP model, learning can happen in all of the following ways EXCEPT correct answers
random, synchronous firing of nodes leads to a weakening of a connection.
Proposition networks assume knowledge is ________; however, it is more likely that knowledge
is actually ________. correct answers localized; distributed
When compared to the statement "A canary is an animal," the reaction time for "A cat is an
animal" will be correct answers Faster
Which of the following is NOT a proposition? correct answers Julie bubblegum
You are asked to "Name all of the professions that you can think of." According to Rosch's
evidence, you are most likely to respond, correct answers teacher, lawyer, doctor, firefighter
The representation of a category's structure is determined by correct answers the individuals
personal experience
According to Wittgenstein, correct answers we assess category membership probabilistically, by
family resemblance.
Which of the following claims is TRUE? (ch 9) correct answers Reliance on prototypes is likely
to emerge gradually as a participant's experience with a category grows.
Which of the following is true? (ch 9) correct answers Just because people use prototypes does
not mean that is the only information available to them.
, Which of the following is true about heuristics? correct answers The categorization heuristic
emphasizes superficial characteristics.
In a production task, the _____ category members that a person mentions are the category
members that produce the slowest reaction times in a sentence verification task. correct answers
last
The idea that we categorize objects based on their similarity to previously stored instances is
known as correct answers exemplar theory
Solomon Shereshevsky correct answers can remember speeches, math equations, and literal
forms instead of deep understanding
know correct answers believe to be true; can be different from what your "knowing" is;
depending on your experience
family resemblance correct answers created by Wittgenstein; features that appear to be
characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member
graded membership correct answers The idea that some members of a category are "better"
members and therefore are more firmly in the category than other members.
sentence verification task correct answers participants are asked to decide as quickly as possible
if a sentence is true or false
production task correct answers An experimental procedure used in studying concepts, in which
the person is asked to name as many examples (e.g., as many fruits) as possible.
prototype theory correct answers the "best" or "most typical" member of a category
rating task correct answers A task in which research participants must evaluate some item or
category with reference to some dimension, usually expressing their response in terms of some
number. For example, participants might be asked to evaluate birds for how typical they are
within the category "birds," using a "1" response to indicate "very typical" and a "7" response to
indicate "very atypical."
basic-level categories correct answers the level in a category hierarchy that provides the most
useful and predictive information; single word "chair"
exemplar-based reasoning correct answers Reasoning that draws on knowledge about specific
category members, rather than drawing on more-general information about the overall category.
ex: "Jenny's chair" vs. "Ideal chair"
Typicality correct answers a measure of how well a category member represents that category
Answers.
Which of the following benefits does a hierarchical network provide? correct answers It is
efficient because information is stored only once
The text points out that plums and lawn mowers share many traits. This suggests thatThe text
points out that plums and lawn mowers share many traits. This suggests that correct answers In
judging resemblance, we must determine which traits matter and which do not.
The term "basic-level category" refers to the correct answers most natural level of categorization,
neither too specific nor too general.
Reuben is visiting the aquarium and has just seen an octopus for the very first time. Reuben is
therefore likely to have correct answers only exemplar-based knowledge for the concept of
octopus.
Participants are asked which birds they think are "particularly birdy" and which birds are "not
very birdy." We should expect that the birds judged as "birdiest" are birds correct answers
identified quickly in a picture-identification task
In a hierarchical network of "animals," the property "eats" would be stored correct answers at the
highest level.
Imagine that you mistakenly believe that Marie Antoinette was the queen of Austria. You learn
later that she was the queen of France. How will this adjustment in knowledge be represented in
a PDP model? correct answers The connection between Marie Antoinette and Austria will
become weaker, while the connection between Marie Antoinette and France will become
stronger.
Exemplar and prototype theories are similar in the following ways EXCEPT that correct answers
both theories require previous memories to be averaged, or combined
Collins and Quillian (1969) suggest that information is organized ______. correct answers
hierarchically
A mutilated lemon will still be categorized as a lemon, while a counterfeit $20 bill will not be
categorized as money. What does this say about categorization? correct answers Category
membership cannot be based on resemblance alone.
Stereotypes are only formed based on salient features such as gender or ethnicity one considers
consciously. correct answers False because neither conscious consideration or salient features are
needed to cause stereotype formation.
,A lemon that has been painted red, white, and blue and then run over by a car is still likely to be
categorized as a lemon. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of why this
might be? correct answers Superficial things like color do not play a role in categorization.
According to exemplar theory, typicality effects correct answers reflect the fact that typical
category members are probably frequent in our environment and are therefore frequently
represented in memory.
According to prototype theory, the mental representation for each concept correct answers
represents an average or ideal for the category's members.
Basic-level categories have all of the following traits EXCEPT correct answers basic-level
descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general descriptions.
Maxine has sustained brain damage to her left temporal lobe, which influences her ability to
categorize efficiently. Which of the following is most likely to describe the problems that
Maxine will face? correct answers She will lose the ability to discriminate some categories but
others will remain unaffected.
In a PDP model, learning can happen in all of the following ways EXCEPT correct answers
random, synchronous firing of nodes leads to a weakening of a connection.
Proposition networks assume knowledge is ________; however, it is more likely that knowledge
is actually ________. correct answers localized; distributed
When compared to the statement "A canary is an animal," the reaction time for "A cat is an
animal" will be correct answers Faster
Which of the following is NOT a proposition? correct answers Julie bubblegum
You are asked to "Name all of the professions that you can think of." According to Rosch's
evidence, you are most likely to respond, correct answers teacher, lawyer, doctor, firefighter
The representation of a category's structure is determined by correct answers the individuals
personal experience
According to Wittgenstein, correct answers we assess category membership probabilistically, by
family resemblance.
Which of the following claims is TRUE? (ch 9) correct answers Reliance on prototypes is likely
to emerge gradually as a participant's experience with a category grows.
Which of the following is true? (ch 9) correct answers Just because people use prototypes does
not mean that is the only information available to them.
, Which of the following is true about heuristics? correct answers The categorization heuristic
emphasizes superficial characteristics.
In a production task, the _____ category members that a person mentions are the category
members that produce the slowest reaction times in a sentence verification task. correct answers
last
The idea that we categorize objects based on their similarity to previously stored instances is
known as correct answers exemplar theory
Solomon Shereshevsky correct answers can remember speeches, math equations, and literal
forms instead of deep understanding
know correct answers believe to be true; can be different from what your "knowing" is;
depending on your experience
family resemblance correct answers created by Wittgenstein; features that appear to be
characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member
graded membership correct answers The idea that some members of a category are "better"
members and therefore are more firmly in the category than other members.
sentence verification task correct answers participants are asked to decide as quickly as possible
if a sentence is true or false
production task correct answers An experimental procedure used in studying concepts, in which
the person is asked to name as many examples (e.g., as many fruits) as possible.
prototype theory correct answers the "best" or "most typical" member of a category
rating task correct answers A task in which research participants must evaluate some item or
category with reference to some dimension, usually expressing their response in terms of some
number. For example, participants might be asked to evaluate birds for how typical they are
within the category "birds," using a "1" response to indicate "very typical" and a "7" response to
indicate "very atypical."
basic-level categories correct answers the level in a category hierarchy that provides the most
useful and predictive information; single word "chair"
exemplar-based reasoning correct answers Reasoning that draws on knowledge about specific
category members, rather than drawing on more-general information about the overall category.
ex: "Jenny's chair" vs. "Ideal chair"
Typicality correct answers a measure of how well a category member represents that category
