HUMAN ANATOMY ( BIO 2300 ) 2024/2025 COMPLETE
EXAM REVIEW WITH STANDARD Q&A 100% ACCURATE
Unit 2 Outline: Head & Neck
● Vertebrae
o What is the purpose of the vertebrae?
▪ protection for spinal cord, meninges, and spinal nerves
▪ supports body weight
▪ sites for muscle attachment
▪ controls and limits torso movement
o How is the vertebral column arranged? (regions, number of vertebrae,
fused or independent bones, etc.)
▪ 33 vertebrae
● 7 cervical
● 12 thoracic
● 5 lumbar
● 5 sacral (fused into sacrum)
● 1-4 coccygeal (fused as coccyx)
o Describe the curvatures of the vertebral column
▪ primary= develop during fetal period; concave anteriorly
● sacral and thoracic
▪ secondary= cervical and lumbar; concave posteriorly
● cervical prominent after baby holds head up
● lumbar prominent after baby can walk
o Describe typical features of the vertebrae
▪ spinous process= posterior
▪ vertebral body= anterior
▪ transverse process= lateral
▪ superior articular process= superior, articulates with vertebrae
above
▪ vertebral foramen= passage for spinal cord
▪ intervertebral foramen= lateral opening between two vertebrae
, lOMoAR cPSD| 42091925
for spinal nerves to exit through
● inferior vertebral notch (from vertebrae above)
● superior vertebral notch (from vertebrae below)
▪ vertebral canal= when > 2 vertebrae are in line with each other
▪ intervertebral discs= separate vertebrae
▪ vertebral arch
● pedicle= lateral side of vertebral arch
● lamina= posterior roof of vertebral arch
o Describe how independent vertebrae articulate together
▪ separated by intervertebral discs
▪ intervertebral foramen= lateral opening between two vertebrae
for spinal nerves to exit through
● inferior vertebral notch (from vertebrae above)
● superior vertebral notch (from vertebrae below)
▪ vertebral canal= when > 2 vertebrae are in line with each other
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