Physiology of urinary elimination
→ -void, urinatinon, micturition
→ -volume of 250-450 ml pressure rises
→ -cerebral cortex is the final control
Process of micturition
→ 1. urine collects in bladder
→ 2. pressure stimulates special stretch receptors in bladder wall
→ 3. stretch ...
NSC 232 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2024/2025
Physiology of urinary elimination
→ -void, urinatinon, micturition
→ -volume of 250-450 ml pressure rises
→ -cerebral cortex is the final control
Process of micturition
→ 1. urine collects in bladder
→ 2. pressure stimulates special stretch receptors in bladder wall
→ 3. stretch receptors transmit impulses to spinal cord voiding reflex center
→ 4. internal sphincter relaxes, stimulating the urge to void
→ 5. If appropriate, the conscious portion of the brain relaxes the external urethral
sphincter muscle
→ 6. urine eliminated the urethra
Factors affecting urinary elimination
→ life style factors - alcohol, exercise, diet
→ psychosocial
→ activity/exercise
→ developmental factors - old, young issues
→ physiological factors - may need a device
→ VOLUME-it's a #, ml or oz
→ -balances what they take in
→ COLOR, CLARITY - normal = light yellow, clarity = clean
→ ODOR- no distinctive smell
→ -poor odor - infection
→ -diabetic-fruity
→ STERILITY-urine is sterile
characteristics of urine continued
→ pH - 4.5 -8.0 (acidic most in mornings)
→ SPECIFIC GRAVITY- (1.010 - 1.025) tells how well kidneys are concentrating urine
→ GLUCOSE -shouldnt have any
→ KETONE BODIES- no ketones (it's the breakdown of fatty acids)
→ BLOOD- shouldn't have any, if there is it may be bc of infection or kidney stones
Problems with urination (dysuria)
→ dysuria- painful or difficult urination
→ -UTI, kidney infection
problems with urination (altered amount)
→ oliguria - less than 30 ml in one hour
→ -small amount, >500 a day
→ anuria - less than 100 ml in 24 hours
→ -without urine
→ polyuria- greater than 2,000 ml in 24 hours
→ -excessive urine
problems with urination (enuresis)
→ enuresis- involuntary urination, especially at night (common in kids)
→ urinary incontinence - loss of urine, involuntarily
→ -leaking, problem with the sphincter
problems with urination (retention)
→ retention - when they pee but are still retaining urine beyond that
→ -blocking normal urine flow
→ -obstruction of urethra
problems with urination (urinary diversion)
→ surgical way of rerouting urine from it's normal pathway
→ -used for diseased or defected urthrea, bladders or ureters
how to prevent UTI
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