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PHIL 347 Week 4 Checkpoint Questions and Answers: American Public University update!!
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10/16/24, 8:45 AM PHIL 347 Week 4 Checkpoint Questions and Answers: American Public University 2024-2025 update!! Flashcards | QuizletPHIL 347 Week 4 Checkpoint Questions and
Answers: American Public University 2024-2025
update!!
Terms in this set (127)
- Cicero: "to bind" in Latin --> humans are bound to
God / spirits
- Piety =/= religion
- middle ages: defined as a form of worship / liturgy
define religion (5) - 1600s: defined as a system of beliefs (tied to
colonialism)
- 1800s: defined as not associated with politics /
economy, separation of church and state (Timothy
Fitzgerald disagrees)
Define God in this course - a transcendent being in addition to this world
(1) upon which this world depends for its existance
- theism until ~100 yrs ago (backed by Plato and
what are the dominant
Aristotle)
views on religion in
- naturalism (started by Epicurous in 1700s) --> first
philosophy
explicit defender = Baron d'Holbach
- everything that exists is "nature" (matter, radiation,
energy)
- investigated through observation
describe naturalism (4)
- atheism and materialism are forms of naturalism
- Baron d'Holbach wrote the System of Nature
(Bible of atheism)
- France
list the 3 big centers of
- England (Shelley 1811)
western philosophy in
- Germany (Feuerbach 1841, The essence of
relation to naturalism
christianity)
https://quizlet.com/957938248/phil-347-week-4-checkpoint-questions-and-answers-american-public-university-2024-2025-update-flash-cards/?new 1/20
,10/16/24, 8:45 AM PHIL 347 Week 4 Checkpoint Questions and Answers: American Public University 2024-2025 update!! Flashcards | Quizlet
- the universe can be explained without a
what are some possible
transcendent being (and therefore should be) -->
cases for naturalism /
occam's razor
against theism (2)
- the problem of evil
- everything that begins to exist has a cause distinct
outline Plato's from itself (God did not begin to exist and therefore
cosmological argument needs no cause)
(3) - the universe began to exist
- hence the universe has a cause distinct from itself
compare valid vs sound - valid: the conclusion follows from the premises
(2) - sound: the premises are also true
support for point 1 of the - it is an intuitive argument, it strikes the mind as
cosmological argument: being true
everything that begins to
exist has a cause distinct
from itself
- everything we see with our senses is in a state of
decay
support for point 2 of the - therefore it could not have existed forever and
cosmological argument: there must be a finite point in the past at which they
the universe began to started decaying
exist (4) - according to thermodynamics, energy moves
toward entropy
- all usable energy is merging into heat energy
list Philiponus' - impossibility of an actual infinity of real things
supplementary - impossibility of traversing an actual infinity
arguments for point 2 of
Plato's cosmological
argument (2)
- potential: you can indefinitely keep adding (e.g.
compare actual and counting upwards)
potential infinities (2) - actual: maximality, nothing can be added to it (e.g.
God knows all propositions)
https://quizlet.com/957938248/phil-347-week-4-checkpoint-questions-and-answers-american-public-university-2024-2025-update-flash-cards/?new 2/20
, 10/16/24, 8:45 AM PHIL 347 Week 4 Checkpoint Questions and Answers: American Public University 2024-2025 update!! Flashcards | Quizlet
- violates the Euclidian axiom that the size of the
Explain Philiponus' idea whole set > subset
that an actual infinity of - in Cantorian theory subset CAN = whole set, but
real things is impossible numbers are NOT real things (dependent on the
mind)
- if the universe has always existed, there would be
an actual infinity of past moments preceding from
outline Philiponus the present moment
argument for the - it is impossible to have and actual infinity of real
cosmological argument things
using the impossibility of - past events are real things
actual infinities (5) - an actual infinity of past events is impossible (from
2 & 3)
- hence the world isn't eternal
- if the world were eternal, the present moment
would be preceded by an actual infinity of past
outline Philiponus
moments
argument for the
- it is impossible to traverse and actual infinity of
cosmological argument
past moments to arrive at the present
using the impossibility of
- therefore if the world were eternal we wouldn't
traversing an actual
have been able to arrive at the present moment
infinity (5)
- but we are in the present moment
- therefore the world isn't eternal
- a priori = prior to experience / observation
a priori vs a posteriori
- a posteriori = after experience / observation
arguments (3)
- a priori arguments have non-empirical evidence
- constitutes "axioma" --> literally "worthy of belief"
- followed by "theorems" --> "follows from"
define proof (4) - followed by logic (route by which you go from
axioms to theorems to get your "proof"
- proofs make somthing that wasn't evident evident
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