Cardiovascular Assessment Questions with Complete Solutions Already Passed

Cardiovascular Assessment Questions with Complete Solutions Already Passed Most common presenting s&s of abnormal cardiac manifestation - Answers chest pain, dyspnea, peripheral edema, weight gain, fatigue, dizziness, syncope, changes in level of consciousness Physical Assessment Skin - Answers Pallor, peripheral cyanosis, central cyanosis, Xanthelasma, eccymosis Physical Assessment Blood pressure - Answers Pulse pressure Physical Assessment Arterial pulses - Answers Rate, rhythm, quality, pulse deficit Physical Assessment of the heart - Answers -Inspection -Palpation -Aortic ,pulmonic, Erbs point, tricuspid, PMI, epigastric -Auscultation -S1, S2, S3, S4, Snaps opening snaps and clicks murmurs, friction rub Cardiovascular assessment inspection - Answers -no pulsations are visible except at point of maximum impulse (PMI). -no lifts (heaves) or retractions are evident in four valve areas of chest wall Cardiovascular assessment palpation - Answers -no vibrations or thrills are evident -no lifts or heaves are evident -no pulsations are visible except at PMI and epigastric area Cardiovascular assessment vascular palpation - Answers -note skin temperature, texture and turgor -capillary refill is no more than 3 seconds -pulses should be in rhythm ad strength 4+ = bounding 3+ = Increased 2+ = Normal 1+ = Week 0 + absent Cardiovascular assessment auscultation - Answers -first heart sound (s1) heard best with stethoscope diaphragm over mitral area -second heart sounds (s2) hear best with stethoscope diaphragm over aortic sea -third hear sounds (s3) hear best with stethoscope bell over mitral area -addition heart sound (s4) heard best with stethoscope with stethoscope bell Edema scale - Answers 0 = none observed +1 = minimal (2mm) +2 = depression 2-4mm +3 = depression 5-8mm +4 = depressions 8mm Normal BP reading - Answers -based on 2 or more consecutive readings 120 m Hg/ 80 mm Hg Prehypertension - Answers 120-139 mm Hg/ 80-89 mm Hg Hypertension Stage 1 - Answers 140-159 mm Hg/ 90-99 mm Hg Hypertension Stage 2 - Answers greater or equal to 160 mm Hg/ greater r equal to 100 mm Hg Identifying Heart Murmurs - Answers Murmurs are graded on a scale of 1- VI Grade 1- barely audible Grade II -Audible but quiet and soft Grade III -Moderately loud without a trust or thrill Grade IV- Loud with a thrill Grade V - Very loud with a palpable thrill Grade VI - Loud enough to be heard without a stethoscope -Document your findings with VI as the denominator, e.g. a grade III murmur is documented as III/VI Heart Murmurs: Mid systolic (Systolic ejection) - Answers -Harsh rough with medium to high pitch -located Pulmonic and Aortic and supra-sternal notch -caused by pulmonic or aortic stenosis Heart Murmurs: Holosystolic (pansystolic) - Answers -harsh/blowing with high pitch -located in tricuspid or mitral lower left sternal boarder -caused by ventricular septal defect, pr mitral or tricuspid insufficiency Heart Murmurs: Early diastolic - Answers -blowing with high pitch -located in mid left sternal edge or pulmonic -caused by aortic or pulmonic insufficiency Heart Murmurs: Mid-late diastolic - Answers -rumbling with a low pitch -located in apex or tricuspid lower right sternal boarder -caused by mitral or tricuspid stenosis Female Heart - Answers -smaller, weighs less, smaller coronary arteries -More easily occluded by arthrosclerosis -Makes procedures such as cardiac catheters and angiograms more difficult leading to likelihood of increase complications -Resting rate, stroke volume and ejection fraction are higher than a man's -The conduction of electrical impulses from the AV node to the Purkinji fibers are briefer. Aging & The Cardiac System: Atria - Answers Increase size of L atrium, endocardial fibrosis, irregular rhythm Aging & The Cardiac System: Valves - Answers Thickening & rigidity abnormal blood flow, murmurs Aging & The Cardiac System: Conduction System - Answers Decrease # of SA, AV and bundle of HIS cells, slower conduction, bradycardia, heart block and EKG changes Aging & The Cardiac System: Sympathetic nervous system - Answers Decrease response to stimulation, decrease endurance, poor exercise & stress tolerance Aging & The Cardiac System: Aorta & arteries - Answers -Decrease elasticity, increase stiffing & widening of aorta. -Increase (S) B/P and widening pulse pressure Aging & The Cardiac System: Baro-receptor responses - Answers -Slow response to postural