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Samenvatting - Globalization and social risks (424016)
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Samenvatting Hoorcolleges – Globalization & Social RiskHoorcollege 1: Social Risks
Risico = (durven) stappen nemen in het onbekende, met de mogelijkheid
dat er iets onverwachts gebeurt
2 soorten:
1. Probabilistic = verwijst naar de kans dat er iets gebeurd, zoals de
kans op een economische crisis
2. Normative = gaat over de negatieve gevolgen van een gebeurtenis,
zoals de schade van een storm (kans op het gebeuren x de
mogelijke schade)
Sociale risico’s = situations where people lack basic security and are
vulnerable to harm (omstandigheden waarin mensen kwetsbaar zijn voor
schade door bijvoorbeeld gebrek aan basisveiligheid)
niet alleen externe bedreigingen, maar ook situaties waarin individuen
niet de middelen hebben om zichzelf te beschermen.
Voorbeelden:
- Werkloosheid
- Ziekte
- Ouderdom
- Arbeidsongeschiktheid
Key element of social risks = vulnerability, which is the lack of resources
or means to protect oneself when something undesirable happens, for
example:
- High risk, low vulnerability: A wealthy individual like Elon Musk can
face significant risks (e.g., a business failure) but is not vulnerable
due to their financial resources.
- Low risk, high vulnerability: A single mother who becomes ill faces
lower risks overall but is highly vulnerable due to a lack of resources
and support.
Ontstaan van sociale risico’s
Vroeger werden risico’s gezien als individueel probleem (vb. armoede als
gevolg van persoonlijk ‘falen’ of luiheid)
Nu naarmate de maatschappij complexer werd, erkenden we dat veel
van deze risico's door het economische en sociale systeem worden
gecreëerd, zoals werkloosheid door economische crises.
Voor de industriële revolutie
Risico’s zoals armoede en oorlog werden niet gezien als
verantwoordelijkheid van de staat. Bijvoorbeeld armenzorg werd verzorgd
door de kerk en lokale gemeenschappen, vaak met strenge voorwaarden
en morele oordelen over wie 'waardig' was.
,Samenvatting Hoorcolleges – Globalization & Social Risk
Industriële revolutie
Industriële revolutie zorgde voor verandering, zoals urbanisatie en de
opkomst van fabrieksarbeid. Hierdoor ontstonden weer nieuwe sociale
risico’s lage lonen en kinderarbeid. er groeide erkenning dat risico’s
systematisch waren, veroorzaakt door de manier waarop de economie
functioneerde en niet door persoonlijke tekortkomingen.
Hierdoor ontstond ook het idee van life-course risks = risks that occur
at different stages of life.
Voorbeelden:
- Early life = risks related to education or family conditions
- Mid-life = risks like unemployment or health issues
- Later life = risks related to retirement and old age
Transition from informal to formal social security
Rond 1850 ontstonden er formele sociale zekerheidssystemen
(verzekeringen tegen ziekte, werkloosheid en ouderdom) i.p.v. informele
sociale zekerheid (family or charity).
dit was eerst alleen gefocust op werkende mannen, maar later werd dit
uitgebreid naar een groter deel van de bevolking.
Key milestones:
Around 1850, the first state-led initiatives began to regulate and
subsidize mutual aid societies (e.g., “friendly societies”) and provide
industrial accident insurance.
After World War I, systems expanded to cover disability, old age,
and family allowances.
By World War II, comprehensive unemployment insurance and
social assistance programs were introduced, forming the basis of the
modern welfare state.
The Beveridge report and the five giants
In 1942, Lord Beveridge's report “Social Insurance and Allied
Services” proposed tackling what he identified as the Five Giants on the
road to reconstruction following World War II. These were:
1. Want (poverty): Beveridge called for a system of social security to
eliminate poverty by redistributing income.
2. Disease: lack of access to healthcare was a major issue, which led to
the establishment of national healthcare systems like the NHS
(national health service in the UK)
3. Ignorance: this giant referred to a lack of education. Beveridge
proposed reforms to make education more accessible, which led to
the expansion of free primary and secondary education
4. Squalor (poor housing): substandard living conditions were a huge
problem, and state interventions, including public housing programs,
were designed to address this.
, Samenvatting Hoorcolleges – Globalization & Social Risk
5. Idleness (unemployment): full employment was seen essential to
social welfare. Policies to ensure employment were implemented, as
joblessness was viewed as a significant societal risk.
Welfare capitalims and the creation of the welfare state
De verzorgingsstaat (welfare state) werd opgebouwd om de
systematische social risico’s aan te pakken. This system was designed to
ensure that individuals could maintain a decent quality of life even when
they faced risks that prevented them from working.
horizontal redistribution was a key principle. = income and benefits
are distributed across different phases of life. Individuals contribute to the
system during their working years and receive benefits in times of need,
like retirement or unemployment.
Different types of social risks:
1. Life-course risks = risks vary depending on life stages. During
childhood risks relate to education, mid-life risks relate to work and
while in old age risks focus on pension and healthcare.
2. Class-risks = risks are distributed unequally across different social
classes. Voorbeeld: lage lonen arbeiders hebben meer kans op job
insecurity, workplace injuries or health issues in vergelijking met
hoge lonen arbeiders.
Voorbeeld: A factory worker has a higher risk of injury than a
university professor.
3. Intergenerational risks = refer to the transmission of social
advantages or disadvantages from one generation to the next.
Voorbeeld: children from wealthier families may have better access
to education or housing, perpetuating cycles of inequality.
Old versus new social risks
The concept of social risks has evolved over time:
- Old social risks: traditional risks like unemployment, illness and old
age were managed through welfare programs aimed at
breadwinners, typically men.
- New social risks: with changes in family structure and labor markets
(more dual-income households, single parents) new risks have
emerged that are not as easily covered by traditional welfare
systems. These include:
o Balancing work and family life (childcare costs, part-time work)
o Insecurity in temporary or precarious jobs
o Changing patterns of aging and long-term care needs
Conclusion
Dit college introduceert een breed kader voor het begrijpen van sociale
risico's en hun evolutie. Sociale risico's werden aanvankelijk gezien als
individuele mislukkingen, maar worden nu gezien als systemische
problemen die collectieve, door de staat geleide oplossingen vereisen. De
oprichting van de welvaartsstaat, vooral door middel van sociale
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