Intro to Criminal Justice cumulative test
study guide
What is the name of the power-sharing system of government adopted by the US in which
individual states are permitted to enact laws that reflect the values of their inhabitants? -
answer✔federalism
which concept holds that criminal law is shaped by the communal values of a society and is
designed to set the boundaries for acceptable behavior within that society? - answer✔the
consensus model
which argument best summarizes the position of those who oppose state laws that legalize the
sale and possession of small amounts of marijuana for personal use? - answer✔such laws fail to
protect society from the harms caused by marijuana use
a criminal justice professional's ability to rely on discretion when making on-the-job decisions
means that he or she ______ - answer✔is able to use his or her personal judgement when the
formal rules allow for one or more possible choices
a crime is a wrong against society that is - answer✔proclaimed by law
why does the informal criminal justice system NOT always benefit from measured, rational
discretionary decision making? - answer✔individual judgment can be tainted by personal bias or
erroneous or irrational thinking
the moral principles that govern a person's perception of right and wrong make up that person's -
answer✔ethics
which of the following is true of critical thinking? - answer✔it is required for an ethical response
which of the following is true of the due process model? - answer✔it places primary emphasis on
the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government
approaches or strategies that have been extensively researched and shown consistently to
produce the desired outcomes are known as - answer✔evidence-based practices
when one person physically attacks another, it is known as _______. When someone merely
leads another to believe that he or she will be physically harmed, it is known as ______. -
answer✔batter; assault
why are public order crimes sometimes referred to as victimless crimes? - answer✔they often
harm only the offender
what is the main difference between white-collar crime and organized crime? - answer✔while
both white-collar crime and organized crime involve illegal activity to obtain a business
advantage, only in organized crime are those illegal acts also committed by illegal organizations
which of the following is NOT one of the three measurements on which the FBI and local law
enforcement agencies base their information in compiling the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)? -
answer✔historical statistical crime data
the UCR attempts to measure the overall rate of crime in the US by organizing -
answer✔offenses known to law enforcement
The UCR divides the criminal offenses it measures into two major categories. Part I offenses are
those crimes that, due to their seriousness and frequency, are recorded by the FBI to give general
idea of the "crime picture" in the US. What are part II offenses? - answer✔all crimes recorded by
the FBI that do not fall into the category of part I offenses
self-reported surveys provide us information on crimes in what way? - answer✔they report
criminal acts (detected or not) that were perpetrated by the survey taker.
What is the "dark figure of crime"? - answer✔the actual amount of crime that takes place
why are self-reported surveys most useful in juvenile facilities or a prison? - answer✔the group
to be studied is already gathered in an institutional setting
which of the following is not one of the 4 contributing factors that James Alan Fox uses to
explain the recent trend toward declining violent crime rates? - answer✔a healthier economy,
especially within inner cities
why might an aging population be a contributing factor to a declining violent crime rate? -
answer✔older Americans are less likely to be violent criminals
which of the following did sociologist Ruth D. Peterson's research project reveal about violent
crime rates in the neighborhoods of Columbus, Ohio? - answer✔higher levels of disadvantage
within neighborhoods were linked to higher violent crime rates, but the ethnic or racial makeup
of neighborhoods were not
which of the following can best be defined as an explanation of a happening or circumstance that
is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning? - answer✔theory
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