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PL CHEM 219: Module 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

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PL CHEM 219: Module 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions Organic Chemistry - Answer-is a subdiscipline of the chemical sciences. the central focus of organic chemistry is the element carbon and the compounds formed by combining carbon with a relatively small number of other elements. currentl...

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EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 EMILLECT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER, 2024




PL CHEM 219: Module 1 Study Guide
with Complete Solutions

Organic Chemistry - Answer✔✔-is a subdiscipline of the chemical sciences.




the central focus of organic chemistry is the element carbon and the compounds formed by

combining carbon with a relatively small number of other elements.




currently, an organic compound is defined as a covalently bonded compound containing the

element carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides (such as CaCO3 and CO2).


Catenation - Answer✔✔-the process or preference of an element to link/bond with another

atom of the same element.


Why do atoms form bonds to other atoms? What is the driving force for atoms to join together?

- Answer✔✔-energetic stability




to say an atom is energetically stable means that the overall energy of the atom is lower when

in a bonded state than in a non-bonded state.




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lower energy typically means greater stability.


Valence - Answer✔✔-of an atom is the number of bonds an atom will form to fill its valence

(outermost) shell.




the atom achieves stability from a full valence shell, as there is no more "desire" for the atom to

make bonds.




**Knowing the valence of an atom is important because it indicates how many bonds a given

atom will typically form when it combines with other elements to make a molecule.**




the valence for an atom can be determined by writing out the electron configuration for that

atom and counting how many electrons are necessary for the atom to have a full valence shell.




this is also typically referred to as a "noble gas configuration".


Main Group Elements - Answer✔✔-elements in the PTOTE other than the transition metals,

lanthanides, and actinides, a full valence shell is composed of eight electrons.




the main group elements follow the "octet rule" in trying to complete their valence shell.



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Generating the Lewis Dot Diagram for a main group element involves the following steps: -

Answer✔✔-a.) Determine the Group Number of the element in question. This is the number at

the top of the column in which the element is located on the PTOTE (Figure 1.1).




b.) The Group Number indicates the number of valence electrons possessed by the atom in the

valence shell.




c.) Write the atomic symbol for the element and imagine it is contained in a four-sided box.




d.) Place dots (representing electrons) around the symbol. Use only the four sides of the box.




e.) Place electrons singly at first, one per side.




f.) Once each side has a single electron, continue by pairing electrons until the total number of

electrons is placed (equal to the Group Number).


When complete, the LDD can be used to determine two important items: - Answer✔✔-1.) The

number of UNPAIRED electrons - this is the number of bonds the atom will form. By making a

bond, the atom will gain an electron for its valence shell (one for each bond made).




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