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Summary Political Action in the Network society (readings lectures)

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  • Course
  • Political action in the network society
  • Institution
  • Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)

Notes for the exam (which I passed with 9.4) of every lectures (no week 4) and very in-depth notes of ALL THE READINGS and relevant things said in the seminars. It contains also a small practice exam that I made for myself with 1 or 2 questions per week.

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Document information

  • January 22, 2020
  • 81
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary

Subjects

  • political action
  • network society
  • political culture
  • media studies
  • politics

Written for

  • Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
  • Media studies
  • Political action in the network society
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Political Action in the Network Society

Week 1: The network society
 Lecture week 1
 Rainie, L., & Wellman, B. (2014). Networked: The New Social Operation System. Chapter 2: The Social Network
Revolution. (pp. 21-59).
 Castells, M. (2007). Communication, Power, and Counter-power in the Network Society. International Journal of
Communication, 1, 238-266. Available at:
https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/46/35

Week 2: Echo chambers, filter bubbles and political polarization
 Lecture week 2
 Esteve Del Valle, M., & Borge Bravo, R. (2018). Echo Chambers in Parliamentary Twitter Networks: The Catalan Case.
International Journal of Communication, 12, 1715 – 1735.
Morozov, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet is Hidding from You (Book Review). Available at:
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/12/books/review/book-review-the-filter-bubble-by-eli-pariser.html
 Dubois, E., & Grant, G.(2018). The Echo Chambers is Overstated: The Moderating Effect of Political Interest and
Diverse Media. Information, Commiunication & Society, 21 (5), 729-745.

Week 3: Cyber politics
 Lecture week 3

 Gerbaudo, P. (2019). The Digital Party. Introduction (pp. 1-19), London: Pluto Press

 Bimber, B. (2014). Digital Media in the Obama campaigns of 2008 and 2012: Adaptation to the personalized political

communication environment [Special issue], Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11 (2), 130-150.

Week 4: Networked participation
 NO Lecture
 Theocaris, Y. (2015). The conceptualization of digitally networked participation. Social Media + Society, 1(2), 1-14.
 Dennis, J. (2019). Beyond Slacktivism, Chapter 1: “It’s better to light a candle than to fantasise about a sun”. (pp. 1-16)

Week 5: Journalism
 Lecture week 5
 Broersma, M., & Graham, T. (2015). Tipping the Balance of Power: Social Media and the Transformation of Political
Journalism. In A. Bruns, E. Skogerbø, C. Christensen, A. O. Larsson, & G. Enli (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to
Social Media and Politics (pp. 89-103). Routledge.
 Witschge T., Anderson, C.W., Domingo, D. & Hermida Al. (2016). The SAGE Handbook of Digital Journalism. Chapter
6. (by Hermida, Al): Social media and the News.

Week 6: Social movements and networked action
 Lecture week 6
 Flanagin, A., Stohl, C. & Bimber, B. (2012), ‘Modeling the Structure of Collective Action’?’, Communication
Monographs 73 (1), pp. 29-54.
 Gerbaudo, P. (2010). Tweets and the Streets: Social Media and Contemporary
Activism. London: Pluto Press. Introduction. Available at: https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=paolo+gerbaudo+&btnG

Week 7: Information Disorder
 Lecture week 7
 Tandoc, E.C. Jr., Wei Lim, Z., & Ling, R. (2018) Defining “Fake News”, Digital Journalism, 6 (2), 137-153.
 Tandoc, E.C. Jr., Wei Lim, Z., & Ling, R. (2019). Diffusion of disinformation: how social media users respond to fake
news and why, Journalism, Online First, pp. 1-18

1

,  Beckett, C. (2017). ‘Fake news’: the best thing that happened to journalism, LSE blogs, Available at:
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/76568/1/blogs.lse.ac.uk-Fake%20news%20the%20best%20thing%20thats%20happened%20to
%20journalism.pdf


Week 1: The Network society: how do digital media connect to politics in
the age of the Network Society?

Lecture
1. Syllabus
2. Networks and social network analysis
3. Network society
4. Networked individualism
5. Networked political communication

Exam 80% = 4 questions for 10 points each
 example of Spain and far-right parties
Very OPEN questions that make us propose solutions / further research / think

● The Roman empire/ The Dutch empire as a networked society
● Mediated networks:
○ The internet
○ Network:
■ “a series of interconnected nodes” (Castells, 1996, p. 40) ex: stock
exchange market; political elites (MPs)
■ Characteristics:
● Binary logic (inclusion/ exclusion)
● Decentralized structures: they don’t have a clear core network ?
● Utility of nodes: if you’re not useful for the network you’ll no longer
be part of it
○ It’s not enough to study the node, you should study the relationship
○ Bitcoin as a network: a block chain
○ The tiki taka
○ In-degree centrality(case): no. of mentions
○ Out-degree centrality (case): how engaged with the network are you
○ Brokerage or Breaches: without them there is no network
○ Structural hole: breach/ broker
● Network society: “a society whose social structure is made up of networks powered by
micro-electronic-based information and communication technologies” (Castells, 2004, p. 3)
○ Causes:
■ Revolution in information technology
■ The restructuring of capitalism (information state)
■ Cultural social movements that emerged in the 1960s in the US and Western
Europe
○ The third revolution: the information revolution
● Networked individualism:
○ Causes:
■ Social network revolution
■ Internet revolution
■ Mobile revolution
2

, ○ Result:
■ Networked individualism: a new social operating system
■ People have become increasingly networked individuals, functioning more
as connected individuals and less as embedded group members
■ The “new social operating system” describes the way in which we
communicate

NETWORKS = idea of connection in different locations
 Roman Empire is an example to show that networks are not a new thing/concept = it has
always been there, mainly as a working concept. Now networks is used as a metaphor
 Dutch Empire = for instance trade routes (1650)
 European train networks (2017)
 Social networks sites
 Definition  what is a network?
o “a set of interconnected nodes” (Castells, M., secondly most cited media scholar
who wrote “The Network Society” based on communication and information
technology and society)  network was born when we started having relationships
between different nodes (individual aspects)
- Stock exchange markets
- Political elites (MPs)
 Characteristics of the networks:
o Binary logic = whether you’re in or out in a network (for example being part in a
network of collegues)
- Inclusion
- Exclusion
o Decentralized structures = in the founding theory, networks per se are
decentralized, they do not have a core of individuals or organizations leading the
network. There might be a central according to some people, but not according to
Castells  there is debate
o Utility of the nodes = if a node is not useful anymore, it will be no longer needed in
the network

Example: Bitcoin = internet currency. It provides the opportunity to create money  for the first
time you can create currency
 Global, not tight on a specific country
 Decentralized = block chain

Fundamental concepts:
 Node = a unit that possibly is connected (individuals, organizations, states)
 Tie = a type of connection between the units of the network (that makes the team so
successful)
o Relationship = a specific type of connection
- Friendship
- Collegiality
- Love
 What is A NETWORK? = it is a set of interconnected nodes. Networks are flexible,
adaptive structures that, powered by information technology (IT), can perform any task that
has been programmed in the network.

Example: Twitter

3

,  Nodes = users
 Ties = who mention to whom
 Tie strength = number of mentions
 Centrality measures
o In-degree centrality = measures in this case the number of mention the users receive
(like you’re a politician and you’re popular and receive plenty of comments and
visualizations)
o Out-degree centrality = the number of the mention you send out ( leader in the
engagement)
 Broker / Bridge = without a person that connects and allow the network, that relationship
cannot happen anymore
o Example: Working in a E-sport company
 Cluster = term to define networks
 Structural hulps = there is no relationship between these clusters
(this can happen in friends, companies, organizations)
 Journalists used to be the brokers of information, now it is
decentralized

NETWORK SOCIETY
 What is it? “a society whose social structure is made up of networks powered by micro-
electronic based information and communication technologies”
 Causes
o Revolution in information technology
o The restructuring of capitalism (informational state)  Individualization logic
o Cultural social movements that emerged in the 1960s in the United States and
Western Europe
 The Hippies  now they are all based in Silicon Valley and led
the new information communication technologies within
companies
 New logic of openness rooted in cultural transformations (by
entrepreneurs being former hippies)

The Third Wave and the information revolution
 Agricultural revolution based on land and seeds
 Industrial revolution based on capital and labour
 Information revolution based on knowledge and information  information as power

NETWORKED INDIVIDUALISM
 Causes
o Social network revolution
o Internet revolution
o Mobile revolution
 Result
o Networked individualism = a new social operating system  a new way to operate
and organize our society
Rainie, L., & Wellman, B. (2014). Networked: The New Social Operation System. Chapter 2: The Social Network
Revolution. (pp. 21-59).

Sociological perspective


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