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NUR 631 PART1 MIDTERM EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+ The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred$18.49
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NUR 631 PART1 MIDTERM EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+ The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred
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Course
NUR 631 PART1
Institution
NUR 631 PART1
NUR 631 PART1 MIDTERM EXAM NEWEST 2024
ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well
established, is referred to as
NUR 631 PART1 MIDTERM EXAM NEWE...
NUR 631 PART1 MIDTERM EXAM NEWEST 2024
ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well
established, is referred to as
a. latent.
b. subclinical.
c. prodromal.
d. convalescence.
ANS: B
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well
established, is called the subclinical stage. The interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious
agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms may be called a latent period or, in the case of
infectious diseases, an incubation period. The prodromal period, or prodrome, refers to the appearance
of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery
after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except
a. tachycardia.
b. diaphoresis.
c. increased peripheral resistance.
d. pupil constriction.
ANS: D
Pupils dilate during stress from the effects of catecholamines. Tachycardia, diaphoresis, and increased
peripheral resistance are indicators of stress and also occur because of catecholamine release.
Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are
mediated by
a. norepinephrine.
b. cortisol.
c. glucagon.
d. ACTH.
ANS: A
Norepinephrine is secreted in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system during stress by
the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex. Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas.
ACTH is secreted by the pituitary gland.
,All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except
a. aldosterone.
b. cortisol.
c. norepinephrine.
d. epinephrine
ANS: A
Aldosterone results in water and sodium retention and potassium loss in the urine. It does not affect
blood glucose. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol stimulates
gluconeogenesis in the liver, thus increasing blood glucose. Norepinephrine inhibits insulin secretion,
thus increasing blood sugar. Epinephrine increases glucose release from the liver and inhibits insulin
secretion, thus increasing blood glucose.
The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is
a. energy and repair.
b. invoke resting state.
c. produce exhaustion.
d. set a new baseline steady-state
ANS: A
These resources are used for energy and as building blocks, especially the amino acids, for the later
growth and repair of the organism. The substances do not produce a resting state. The substances can
produce exhaustion if they continue, but that is not their adaptive purpose. Although a new baseline
steady state may result from the stress response that is not the adaptive purpose of the substances
produced during the alarm stage.
Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to form
a. CO2 and H2O.
b. 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate.
c. 30 ATP.
d. oxygen.
ANS: B
Glycolysis produces a net gain of two ATP molecules and breaks down glucose modules to produce two
pyruvate molecules. Oxidative phosphorylation produces CO2 and H2O. Oxidative phosphorylation
produces 30 ATP molecules. Oxygen is not produced by glycolysis, but it is necessary for oxidative
phosphorylation.
The benefit of glycolysis is that this second stage of catabolism supplies
a. ATP to meet energy needs of the body.
b. pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.
,c. energy for oxidative phosphorylation.
d. lactate during anaerobic conditions.
ANS: B
The benefit of glycolysis is to supply pyruvate to the citric acid cycle of cellular metabolism, which then
produces much ATP. Glycolysis only produces two ATP modules, which is insufficient for energy needs.
Glycolysis does not supply energy for oxidative phosphorylation. Lactate produced during prolonged
anaerobic conditions builds up and can lead to lactic acidosis, which is an undesirable outcome.
Repolarization of a neuron after a depolarizing action potential is because of
a. activation of the Na+ -K + pump.
b. influx of calcium.
c. efflux of potassium.
d. influx of sodium.
ANS: C
Repolarization is because of efflux of potassium from the cell. The Na+ -K + pump maintains cellular
volume via osmotic pressure and helps to maintain resting membrane potential. Calcium influx prolongs
the action potential. Influx of sodium initiates depolarization.
Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have
a. receptors for neurotransmitters.
b. tight junctions.
c. ligand-gated channels.
d. voltage-gated channels
ANS: D
Voltage-gated channels respond to changes in membrane potential and are responsible for conducting
action potentials. Receptors for neurotransmitters allow neurotransmitters to bind to the cell
membrane but are not directly responsible for action potentials in excitable cells. Tight junctions are
intercellular connections that help segregate proteins on the cell membrane and are not involved in
conducting action potentials. Ligand-gated channels respond to binding of a signaling molecule such as a
neurotransmitter, but are not directly responsible for action potentials in excitable cells.
The resting membrane potential in nerve and skeletal muscle is determined primarily by
a. extracellular sodium ion concentration.
b. the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions.
c. activation of voltage-gated sodium channels. d. activity of energy-dependent membrane pumps
ANS: B
The major determinant of the resting membrane potential is the difference in potassium ion
concentration across the membrane. Extracellular sodium helps maintain cell volume and resting
membrane potential, but it is not the primary determinant. Activation of voltage-gated sodium channels
, helps initiate an action potential. Channels are not linked to an energy source; ions flow passively across
the cell membrane.
An increase in extracellular potassium ion from 4.0 to 6.0 mEq/L would
a. hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential.
b. make it more difficult to reach threshold and produce an action potential.
c. hypopolarize the resting membrane potential. d. alter the threshold potential.
ANS: C
An increase in extracellular potassium hypopolarizes the cell (makes it less negative) because more K +
ions stay inside the cell owing to the reduced concentration gradient. Hyperpolarization of the resting
membrane potential (makes it more negative) is caused by a decrease in extracellular potassium.
Hyperpolarization resulting from a decrease in extracellular potassium makes it more difficult to reach
threshold and produce an action potential. The threshold for action potential does not change with a
change in extracellular potassium.
GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) function to
a. activate receptors on the extracellular surface. b. degrade second-messenger molecules.
c. activate intracellular enzyme systems.
d. synthesize ATP.
ANS: C
G-proteins activate specific target enzymes within the cell and these enzymes then produce second-
messenger molecules that trigger specific intracellular function. Membrane-bound G-protein channels
are a component of the cell membrane; they do not activate other receptors on the extracellular
surface. G-proteins do not degrade second messengers, but instead produce these. G-proteins do not
synthesize ATP.
Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayers because they are
a. polar.
b. charged.
c. insoluble.
d. amphipathic.
ANS: D
Phospholipids have a hydrophilic (water-loving) polar end and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) polar end.
This amphipathic nature causes the lipids to form bilayers. It is the water-loving and water-fearing
nature of the end rather than simply being polar, charged, or insoluble that forms the bilayers.
Cell-to-cell communication through secretion of chemical signals into the bloodstream to target cells
throughout the body is called signaling.
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