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Microflora: Urinary and Digestive Tract

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This chapter covers urinary and digestive tract infections from a microbiological level.

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  • October 16, 2024
  • 5
  • 2021/2022
  • Class notes
  • Anonymous
  • Microbiology
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Normal Microflora

o Not found in most of the urogenital system.

o Found at/near the external urethral opening.

§ Cervical opening and below in females.

o Compete with pathogens for space and nutrients.

o Will contaminate any urine collected.

- your urethra sheds surface cells regularly so if any pathogens are attached you pee it
out

§ Except by direct puncture.

§ Uncircumcised males need extra care.

- Don’t. Have good hygiene routines

§ Women of different life stages have different organisms present.

- Shift in nutrient profile

§ The same is true for men.

- not as predictable

Urinary Tract Infections – Not STDs

o One of the most common infections in clinical practice.

§ 35-40% of all nosocomial

o Often a single species.

§ Contamination by normal microflora can come from a number of species.

- usually gram-positive

· Bacteria themselves are usually fecal in origin.

Upper:

o Urethritis & cystitis = urethrocystitis.

o Female urethra is 4 cm (males ~20 cm), making UTIs more common in women.

, - 40-50x more likely than men to get UTI
- Older women specifically
- Can be chronic sufferers

o Retained urine (interrupted/reduced flow) is the main cause.

o Ascending vs. Descending

Descending: Start high in urinary system and work down

Ascending: More common

- more severe if pregnant because pregnancy suppresses cell-mediated immunity

Focal Infections: Another infection somewhere else in the body is leaking bacteria into blood
stream and the attached themselves within kidneys

Periodontal disease!!

o Catheter? Watch out.

Need to make sure it’s sterile

- can cause UTI

Diagnose:

S/Sx: bacterial count of 10-200,000 bacterial cells

- not normal to find single species or gram-negative

Trt: Antibiotics

Other non-STDs

o Pyelonephritis

- inflammation of the renal pelvis
- Caused by fecal microflora
- Assisted by urine retention
- E.coli is a common cause

Chronic diseases have underlying causes: kidney stones…. root canals….

o Leptospirosis

- caused by leptospira enterabands
- Can catch from animals: dogs, cats, and rats and mice

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