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pathophysiology (NURS231) final exam | Questions Solved 100% Correct| Verified and Already Passed
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pathophysiology (NURS231) finalexam | Questions Solved 100% Correct|
Verified and
Already Passed
What term means "cell eating" and engulfs and then kills microorganisms or other particulate
matter? - ✔Phagocytosis
What is the term to describe when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or
chemical gradient? - ✔Active transport
Give one function of a membrane potential: - ✔Generate nerve impulse, muscle contractions,
or cause hormone secretion
What is the term that best describes the following process?
A transport protein aiding a lipid insoluble or large molecule across the cell membrane
that would otherwise not be able to pass through on its own. - ✔facilitated diffusion
Blood tests for tumor markers can make a diagnosis of cancer. Why or why not? - ✔False, only
tissue can diagnose. Tumor markers are helpful to assess response to therapy or reoccurrence.
Tissue biopsy is of critical importance in what role? - ✔Diagnosing the correct cancer
and histology.
Explain the TNM system: - ✔T is the size and local spread of the primary tumor.
N is the involvement of the regional lymph nodes.
M is the extent of the metastatic involvement.
,List two signs or symptoms a patient may present with that might indicate a cancer diagnosis: -
✔fatigue, anemia
What are two systemic manifestations of cancer exhibited by cancer patients? - ✔Weight
loss, wasting of body fat and muscle tissue, weakness, anorexia, and anemia, fatigue, sleep
disturbances
When would surgery be appropriate in the treatment of cancer? - ✔if it is a solid tumor and has
clear margins
Most chemotherapeutic drugs cause pancytopenia due to bone marrow suppression. What are
the 3 possible adverse outcomes of this? - ✔loss of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, anemia, and
hemolysis
Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types.
- ✔false
Cell differentiation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types.
Correct! - ✔True
What are two important properties that stem cells possess? - ✔Potency and self-renewal
Which of the following are most likely to have arisen from an adult stem cell? - ✔Epithelial
Define polyp. Are they benign or malignant? - ✔A polyp is a growth that projects from
a mucosal surface, such as the intestine. A polyp can be benign or malignant
What are normal genes called that become cancer-causing if mutated? - ✔protooncogenes
,What type of gene is involved in repairing damaged DNA? - ✔Tumor suppressor gene
A 40-year-old woman has experienced heavy menstrual bleeding. She was told she has a
uterine tumor called a leiomyoma. She is worried she has cancer. What do you tell her? Explain
at least 2 differences between a benign and malignant tumor - ✔i would explain to her that it
is a benign tumor, and that there is nothing to worry about
1 benign tumors grow by expansion and are usually encapsulated; while malignant tumors grow
by invading and taking over tissue
2: benign tissue is well differentiated and looks like the tissue of origin, while malignant cells are
undifferentiated and are atypical and do not look like the tissues of origin.
A 50-year-old woman was diagnosed with breast cancer from tissue biopsy following her
diagnostic mammography. They are determining if it has spread to the lymph nodes. (1) Explain
what the sentinel node is. (2) How will they determine if it has spread to the lymph system? (3)
Would a detailed family history of disease be important to obtain? - ✔The sentinel node is the
first lymph node to which the primary tumor drains. The extent of disease may be determined
through lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy. A radioactive tracer and/or blue dye
is injected into the tumor to determine the first lymph node. This lymph node is examined for the
presence of cancer cells. Yes, heredity can be a strong risk factor for cancer in some families.
Malignant tumors have which of the following characteristics? Select all that apply - ✔Variable
rate of growth &
Spreads by metastasis
What are molecular and cellular mechanisms in genes that increase susceptibility to
cancer? Select all that apply. - ✔1:Lack of cellular senescence
2:Angiogenesis
3:Mutations in growth factor signaling pathways
List 4 of the 7 risk factors linked to cancer as stated in the module. - ✔hereditary,
obesity, environmental agents, immunological mechanisms
, 1. ______ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as
other distant sites. - ✔chemotherapy
The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known as
_______. - ✔wasting or Cancer anorexia cachexia syndrome
Which of the following is not a risk factor for developing cancer? - ✔Sunscreen
All of the following viral agents are correctly paired with the associated lesion except: -
✔Epstein-Barr virus: carcinoma of the cervix
List one example of screening for each method: observation, palpation, and lab test/procedure: -
✔observation: looking at the skin
palpation: palpating breast for abnormal masses
Lab: pap smear swabbing for cervical cancer
Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders. - ✔There are over 80 identified,
many with overlapping presentations. Many manifestations are nonspecific and are seen in other
non-autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn't perfect either, as some tests are more generic and
can be elevated in the presence of other diseases.
Which cell is the first responder to phagocytose a foreign invader? - ✔monocyte
What allows the lymphocyte to differentiate between self and foreign molecules? - ✔Major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule
T lymphocytes produce what type of immunity? - ✔Cell-mediated
Which immunoglobulin passes immune factors from the mother to the fetus? - ✔IgG
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