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Philosophy Exam Set- Straighterline| 402 Questions Answered 100% Correct/Verified Solutions
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Philosophy Exam Set- Straighterline| 402 QuestionsAnswered 100% Correct/Verified Solutions
• Lao Tzu, - ANSWER founder of Taoism, held that the Tao is ineffable and beyond our ability to
alter. He emphasized the importance of effortless nonstriving. 535
• Ludwig Wittgenstein derived a metaphysics of logical atomism - ANSWER from a
consideration of the relationship of language and the world. He advanced the picture theory
of meaning, then later rejected it.
• Martha Nussbaum, - ANSWER contemporary moral philosopher known also for social
commentary. Known especially for work in virtue ethics and Greek philosophy, the role
of emotions in decision-making, and issues in international social justice.
• Mencius - ANSWER was a Confucian thinker second in importance to Confucius.
• Michel Foucault - ANSWER was a French philosopher who provided a critique of conventional
social attitudes regarding madness and sexuality.
• Murasaki Shikibu, - ANSWER an influential Japanese Mahayana Buddhist philosopher of the
late tenth and early eleventh centuries, held that women were responsible moral agents who
were capable of enlightenment and could influence their destinies, reach nirvana, and
achieve salvation.
,• Plato - ANSWER also sought the essences of moral virtues, identifying these with the
unchanging Forms, the highest of which he held to be the Form of the Good, the
ultimate source of all value and reality.
• René Descartes - ANSWER offered three proofs of God, including a streamlined version of
the ontological argument.
• Richard Rorty - ANSWER is an American philosopher who interprets Continental
philosophy through a pragmatic perspective.
• Robert Nozick, - ANSWER an analytic (libertarian) political philosopher, held that a limited
"night- watchman" state is ethically justified but that any more extensive state violates
people's rights.
• Siddhartha Gautama Buddha, - ANSWER an Indian prince and founder of Buddhism,
sought the causes of and cures for human suffering.
• Socrates - ANSWER sought to discover the essences of moral virtues and championed the
use of reason in moral deliberation.
• Søren Kierkegaard, - ANSWER a nineteenth-century philosopher, rejected the Hegelian idea of
a rational universe and anticipated some of the themes of existentialism.
• St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas Christianized - ANSWER the concept of natural law.
They were concerned with the relationship of secular law to natural law and of the state to the
Church. Aquinas distinguished four kinds of law; this was one of his most important
contributions to political philosophy.
• St. Thomas Aquinas was the author of - ANSWER the Five Ways of proving God's existence.
,• Sun Tzu, - ANSWER a sixth-century B.C.E. Taoist philosopher and general, applied Taoist
philosophy to military strategy.
• Thomas Hobbes held that "good" and "evil" - ANSWER denote what a person desires or hates;
he maintained that our natural end is preservation of self.
• Thomas Hobbes was a contractarian theorist who held - ANSWER that civil society, civil laws,
and justice come into existence when people contract among themselves to transfer their
power and rights to a sovereign power who compels people to live in peace and honor their
agreements. Hobbes believed the transfer is "commanded" by natural law, which he held to
be a set of rational principles for best ensuring self-preservation.
• W. D. Ross - ANSWER held that the production of maximum good is not the only thing
that makes an act right; some things are just simply our moral duty to do.
• William James - ANSWER held that it is rationally justifiable to yield to your hope that a
God exists. 450
• William James - ANSWER said that "the whole function of philosophy ought to be to find
out what definite differences it will make to you and me, at definite instants of our life, if this
world-formula or that world-formula be the one."
• Zeno - ANSWER was the founder of Stoicism.
Academics 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C.- - ANSWER all things are inapprehensible.
Academics - - ANSWER Philosophers of the third and second centuries B.C. in what had
been Plato's Academy; they had the reputation of maintaining that all things are
inapprehensible.
According to Absolute Idealism, what is the relationship between being real and
being knowable? - ANSWER All reality is knowable.
, Sextus Empiricus - ANSWER -He held the position "I do not know whether knowledge
is possible."
"I don't agree with Jones when she says we should wait for a trial,... That's why I say let's
hang him now!" What fallacy does this most clearly illustrate? - ANSWER Red Herring
• Adam Smith - ANSWER was a classical liberal economic theorist who was an exponent
of capitalism and a laissez-faire economy.
• Albert Camus, - ANSWER a French existentialist writer, emphasized the absurdity of the
world and the inability of the individual to meet genuine human needs within it.
• C. S. Peirce - ANSWER stated that "in order to ascertain the meaning of an intellectual
conception one should consider what practical consequences might conceivably result by
necessity from the truth of that conception, and the sum of these consequences will
constitute the entire meaning of the conception."
• Chuang Tzu - ANSWER was the most important Taoist after Lao Tzu and stressed the
equality of opposites and the danger of usefulness.
• Confucius, - ANSWER founder of the most dominant system of Chinese thought,
emphasized the perfectibility of people as well as their ability to affect things for the better.
• David Hume - ANSWER held that moral principles are neither divine edicts nor discoverable by
reason and that value judgments are based on emotion. He said that the act that pleases our
moral sensibilities is one that reflects the agent's benevolent character.
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