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Samenvatting anatomie & fysiologie: deel 2 - locomotorisch stelsel
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Samenvatting anatomie en fysiologie deel 2: locomotorisch stelsel. Een uitgebreide uitwerking van de voorbereidende vragen uit de lessen
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LOCOMOTORISCH STELSEL................................................................................................................................................................. 6SKELET............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
1. HOE WORDT HET SKELET INGEDEELD EN UIT WELKE STRUCTUREN BESTAAT HET SKELET?................................................................................................................... 6
Indeling........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Axiale skelet........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Appendiculaire skelet........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
BOUW EN FUNCTIES........................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2. BESPREEK 4 FUNCTIES VAN HET SKELET................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
MACROSCOPISCHE BOUW.................................................................................................................................................................. 6
3. WE ONDERSCHEIDEN 4 TYPES BEENDEREN. LEG UIT EN GEEF VAN ELK TYPE EEN VOORBEELD............................................................................................................. 6
Pijpbeenderen................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Platte beenderen............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Onregelmatige beenderen.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
PIJPBEENDEREN................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
4. BESPREEK DE ALGEMENE BOUW VAN EEN LANG PIJPBEEN. GEEF OOK EEN VOORBEELD....................................................................................................................... 7
BOTWEEFSEL..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
5. WE ONDERSCHEIDEN 2 TYPES BEENWEEFSEL. WELKE EN LICHT TOE.............................................................................................................................................. 7
MICROSCOPISCHE BOUW................................................................................................................................................................... 8
6. IN ONS BOT ONDERSCHEIDEN WE VERSCHILLENDE SOORTEN CELLEN DIE LIGGEN IN EEN MATRIX. WELKE CELLEN ONDERSCHEIDEN WE EN WAARUIT BESTAAT DE MATRIX?...........8
Botmatrix........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Matrix cellen................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Osteoblasten........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Osteocyten.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Osteoclasten........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
7. LEG HET VERSCHIL UIT TUSSEN DE BEGRIPPEN PERIOST, ENDOST, PERICHONDRIUM, CHONDROCYT EN OSTEOCYT....................................................................................9
KRAAKBEEN...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
8. BESPREEK EEN 4-TAL FUNCTIES VAN KRAAKBEEN IN ONS LICHAAM................................................................................................................................................. 9
BOTVORMING.................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
9. IN ONS LICHAAM KAN BOT GEVORMD WORDEN OP 2 MANIEREN. LEG UIT........................................................................................................................................ 9
Enchondrale botvorming................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
HOE VERLOOPT DE LENGTEGROEI VAN DE PIJPBEENDEREN?.............................................................................................................................................................. 9
WELKE BOTVORMING SPEELT EEN ROL BIJ FRACTUURGENEZING? LEG UIT............................................................................................................................................. 9
Endesmale botvorming................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
WELKE FACTOREN SPELEN EEN ROL OP DE BOTVORMING?.............................................................................................................................................................. 10
Genen........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
1
, Beweging...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Leeftijd.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Voeding......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Hormonen..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
10. WELKE HORMONEN SPELEN EEN ROL BIJ DE BOTVORMING?...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Geslachtshormonen...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Voor de puberteit............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Vanaf de puberteit............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Overige hormonen........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
GEEF EEN VOORBEELD VAN EEN BOT WAARBIJ DE VORM BEÏNVLOED WORDT DOOR OESTROGENEN (EN DE VORM/BOUW DUS VERSCHILLEND IS TUSSEN MANNEN EN VROUWEN):....11
11. JE BUURVROUW DIE NIET IN DE MEDISCHE WERELD WERKT, VRAAGT WAT BEDOELD WORDT WANNEER ZE HOORT DAT BOT ACTIEF WEEFSEL IS. WAT VERTEL JE HAAR?............11
WAAROM IS HET DYNAMISCH EVENWICHT TUSSEN ACTIVITEIT OSTEOBLASTEN EN OSTEOCLASTEN BELANGRIJK?.........................................................................................11
FRACTUREN..................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
BEENVERBINDINGEN........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
12. VERSCHILLENDE BOTTEN KUNNEN MET ELKAAR VERBONDEN ZIJN OP VERSCHILLENDE MANIEREN. WELKE?.......................................................................................... 11
Naadverbindingen......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Gewrichten................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
13. BESCHRIJF DE KENMERKEN VAN EEN SYNOVIAAL GEWRICHT...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Bouw............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
WELKE STRUCTUREN DRAGEN BIJ AAN DE STABILITEIT VAN HET KNIEGEWRICHT?................................................................................................................................. 12
BEENDEREN VAN HET HOOFD........................................................................................................................................................... 13
1. BIJ DE BEENDEREN VAN HET HOOFD ONDERSCHEIDEN WE 2 GROEPEN BEENDEREN. WELKE 2 GROEPEN?............................................................................................ 13
2. NOEM DE VERSCHILLENDE BOTSTUKKEN DIE DEEL UITMAKEN VAN DE HERSENSCHEDEL.................................................................................................................... 13
Schedeldak................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Schedelbasis................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Suturae......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
FONTANELLEN................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
3. WAT ZIJN FONTANELLEN. BESCHRIJF DE LIGGING VAN 2 FONTANELLEN EN LEG UIT WAT DE FUNCTIE IS VAN FONTANELLEN.......................................................................13
Grote fontanel............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Kleine fontanel.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
CRANIUM......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Os frontale.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Frontale sinussen............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Os pariëtale.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Os occipitale................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Os temporale................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Fossa mandibularis............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
4. WAT WEET JE OVER DE LIGGING EN DE FUNCTIE VAN HET OS ETHMOÏDALE.................................................................................................................................... 14
Os ethmoïdale............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
2
, 5. WAAR BEVINDT ZICH HET OS SPHENOÏDALE EN WELKE BIJZONDERE STRUCTUUR TREFFEN WE ER AAN?................................................................................................14
Os sphenoïdale............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
AANGEZICHTSSCHEDEL.................................................................................................................................................................... 14
6. BESPREEK HET VERSCHIL TUSSEN MAXILLA EN MANDIBULA......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Maxilla.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Mandibula..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
7. HET HARDE VERHEMELTE BESTAAT UIT 2 VERSCHILLENDE BOTTEN. LEG UIT................................................................................................................................... 15
SINUSSEN........................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
8. WAT ZIJN SINUSSEN? SOM 4 VERSCHILLENDE SINUSSEN OP. LEG UIT WAT HUN FUNCTIE IS............................................................................................................... 15
Functies........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Soorten......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
BEENDEREN VAN DE ROMP............................................................................................................................................................... 16
1. HET AXIALE SKELET WORDT O.A. GEVORMD DOOR DE BEENDEREN VAN DE ROMP: WELKE 3 GROTE BOTSTRUCTUREN TREFFEN WE AAN?....................................................16
WERVELKOLOM................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
2. BENOEM 3 BELANGRIJKE FUNCTIES VAN DE WERVELZUIL............................................................................................................................................................ 16
3. BESPREEK GEDETAILLEERD DE BOUW VAN DE WERVELKOLOM...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Wervelkanaal................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Discus intervertebralis....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Ligamenten........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
4. IN DE WERVELKOLOM TREFFEN WE 2 FYSIOLOGISCHE S-BOCHTEN AAN. HOE NOEMEN DEZE BOCHTEN EN WAAR BEVINDEN ZE ZICH?........................................................16
Scoliose........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
BOUW WERVEL..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
5. NOEM ÉÉN KENMERKENDE, SPECIFIEKE EIGENSCHAP VAN RESPECTIEVELIJK DE CERVICALE WERVELS, DE THORACALE WERVELS EN DE LUMBALE WERVELS................................17
Cervicale wervels.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
C1: Atlas............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
C2: Axis.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Thoracale wervels......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Lumbale wervels........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Sacrale wervels............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Os sacrum.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
BORSTKAS....................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
6. WELKE BEENDEREN VORMEN DE THORAX? WAT IS DE FUNCTIE VAN DE THORAX?........................................................................................................................... 18
Functie.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
7. WE ONDERSCHEIDEN VERSCHILLENDE SOORTEN RIBBEN: LEG UIT................................................................................................................................................ 18
Ware ribben.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Valse ribben.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Zwevende ribben.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
8. HET STERNUM WORDT ONDERVERDEELD IN 3 APARTE BOTSTRUCTUREN: WELKE? GEEF KORT EEN TOELICHTING OF SPECIFIEK KENMERK BIJ ELK VAN DE 3 STRUCTUREN............18
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