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BCH4024 EXAM 1
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BCH4024 EXAM 1 BCH4024 EXAM 1 BCH4024 EXAM 1
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BCH4024 EXAM 1What are 3 characteristics of water? - ANS high dipole moment, high bp and high heat capacity
stable interaction ocurring between two electronegative atoms that share a H is known as a - ANS
hydrogen bond
Life time of H bonds are short because -------- is low - ANS activation energy
liquid water is a flickering collection of 6 and 5 water molecules, which is more stable - ANS w5
Very little w1 occurs because, to raise the temp would require ------- degrees - ANS 100
water also has a high viscosity, special interactions with nonpolar molecules and strong/ weak
interactions with ionic molecules - ANS strong
----------- facilitates biological turnover - ANS freezing
carbon cycle formula - ANS H2O+CO2--HCO--metabolites--CO2
water has a high bp relative to its molecular weight and a low bp relative to the - ANS earth
Nucleophilic reactions works best within polar organic solvents, ----------retards nucleophilic reactions.
So if you are given a nucleophilic equation with this in it, it's no rxn - ANS water
Ice bonds are -------- with high volume and low density - ANS tetrahedral
The --------- nature of water allows it to move blood fast in the body - ANS viscous
50 percent of the earth's heat comes from --------, the rest come from solar power - ANS radioactive
decay
Glucose is phosphorylated by -------------, it does so to the primary carbon, w/o it, the 2ndry carbons
would be phosphorylated - ANS hexokinase
Enzymes make reactions go faster by, increasing ----------, changing the orientation of -----------, and
stabilizing ----------- - ANS local concentration, substrates, transition states
There are two types of hydrolysis, ----------- (almost always uncatalyzed), ---------- (almost always
catalyzed) - ANS ionic, covalent
Life began in the ocean, driven by a reducing atmosphere is the --------- hypothesis-- "hot dilute soup" -
ANS Oparin Haldane
What were the primordial elements in the Miller-Urey flask? - ANS H2O, NH3, H2 and CH4
,what chemicals were detected in the Miller-Urey experiment? - ANS formic acid, urea, 6 amino acids
and adenine
We now believe that life began not in the ocean, but in the ------- because oligosaccharides and
secondary molecules are formed by dehydration - ANS desert
RNAs were the first molecules to appear, they had 3d dimensions, -------- catalysts, --------- and ----------- -
ANS feeble, could store information, replicate
Gell Mann defined life as a complex self adaptive system that is able to evolve and gain options and
--------- is the search algorithm for biological change - ANS mutation
In liquid water protons hop,----------- --------- has a proton wire that facilitates rapid proton transfer in
and out of an active site. This also catalyzes the bicarbonate buffer - ANS carbonic anhydrase
Ph DO NOT measure the --------of hydronium ions, they are standardized with solutions of known
concentrations and activity, so the PH of pure water is approximately 7 - ANS concentration
why is aspirin enterically coated - ANS it hurts the stomach lining
PH is important in bch because many-------,-------and ------------have acid and base sites, in case of nucleic
acids, they are polyelectrolytes - ANS metabolites, enzymes, nucleic acids
Buffers are weak acids and bases that obey the ------------- principle, the principle that has to do with acid
base chemistry adjustment on rxn and products sides - ANS le Chatelier's
Buffers are most effective near -------values - ANS pka
Many metabolites are weak acids and bases, some biological buffers include----- (H2PO3/HPO3),
------------- (HCO3/CO3),------------- (HATP/ATP), ------ and ---------- (in muscle) - ANS orthophosphate,
bicarbonate, ATP, proteins,creatine phosphate
what is the most important buffer in animals, it maintains a constant plasma ph and is just a reaction
between readily available CO2 and H2O - ANS bicarbonate
The reaction of CO2 and H2O is rapid to prevent the lysis of the - ANS mitochondria
Acidosis stimulates the getting rid of ---------, because technically it is acidic. Altered breathing rate. The
counter effect called alkalosis is treated by breathing into a bag - ANS CO2
The balancing of shift in ph between cells and ECF is conducted mainly by which 3 ions, where increasing
the last one means increasing the H+ ions - ANS Na, K, Cl
Diffusion limited process means that reaction rate is limited by how ------------reactants collide - ANS fast
In macromolecules, H bonds in helices and sheets undergo local -------- - ANS unfolding
, There are several noncovalent interactions, H bond, ionic bonds, --------- and ------------ interactions - ANS
VanderWaals (dipoles), hydrophobic
Salt bridge is a combination of ----bonding and ----------- - ANS H, electrostatics
Pi stacking, stacking of ------- rings delocalizes pi electrons, therefore its weak - ANS aromatic
Linear H bond is --------------than bent H bond because in linear, all 3 atoms involved are aligned - ANS
stronger
Protonation and deprotonation of small molecules like acetic and phosphoric acid are - ANS rapid
----------interactions are dominant in proteins and enzymes. They are not true bonds - ANS Hydrophobic
water binds tightly to --------molecules, hydrophobic interactions result in the release of H2O which
increase delta S (entropy) and is thereby favorable - ANS apolar
And for a favorable interaction, we want the temperature to be low/high, except in the liver - ANS high
Hydrophobicity greatly facilitate ----------folding. This folding decreases local entropy but water release
increases overall entropy and makes rxn favorable - ANS protein
Orientation or geometry does/does not affect strength of hydrophobic interactions - ANS does not
Larger alkyl groups by themselves increase the AMOUNT of free energy (delta G) because they have
larger sites for water molecules to bind (water accessible area), so it's a ------- correlation - ANS positive
-------- ---------- --------- is the number of the water molecules needed to cover a hydrophobic molecule -
ANS water accessible area
By themselves, water molecules form flickering cluster, but --------when they are around hydrophobic
molecules - ANS cages
The alpha amino acids have an amino group that is attached to the carbon that is attached to the
----------group - ANS carboxyl
When numbering the carbons, the most oxidized, meaning the ---------gets the number 1 - ANS carboxyl
Remember what a chiral molecule is, it is a carbon that has ------------different groups - ANS 4
When drawing fischer projections, all carbons should be ------, chiral carbon should be --------- and the
most oxidized carbon should be on --------. Vertical part is dashed lines - ANS lined up, centered, top
Which side to the heavier atoms get put on for a d series amino acid and in nature -----------amino series
are used - ANS right, L
L configuration of amino acids can be remembered using the CORN rule, with the ---------pointed
towards you and the alpha carbon not seen. This is contrary to the kahn prelog rules - ANS H
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