GENETICS 133 UW Madison Exam 1 and
exam 2 study review (key concept)
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Allele - - One of multiple different forms of a gene / segment of DNA
Allele frequency - - Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the
number of alleles in that pool for the same gene
Ancestry Informative Markers - - DNA sequence polymorphisms (usually SNPs) whose allele
frequencies are significantly different in populations from different geographical regions of the
world
Gene - - A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to
determine some characteristic of the offspring
Phenotype - - An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits
Genotype - - An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations
Genotyping - - The process of determining differences in the genetic make-up (genotype) of an
individual by examining the individual's DNA sequence using biological assays and comparing it
to another individual's sequence or a reference sequence
, GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act) - - Act that prohibits discrimination on the
basis of someone's genetic information or the genetic information of his or her family
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) - - Genetic testing on embryos for genes that cause
untreatable or severe diseases later in life
Sequencing - - Determining the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule
Nucleotide - - A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a
nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
Sugar-phosphate backbone - - The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA
and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached
Nitrogenous base - - A molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes genetic information in
cells
Gene cloning - - Making copies of segments of DNA
Reproductive cloning - - Using a somatic cell from a multicellular organism to make one or more
genetically identical individuals
Therapeutic cloning - - Cloning method that removes stem cells in order to differentiate to
specific cell types
Somatic cell - - Vast majority of cells. They are diploid and divide by mitosis
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