Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings
1. Introduction to Matter
Definition: Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Examples: Solids (like wood), liquids (like water), gases (like air).
2. Properties of Matter
Physical Properties: Can be observed or measured without ch...
Time line 1- Major Periods in Early Indian Archaeology
m
2 million BP Lower Palaeolithic
co
80,000 Middle Palaeolithic
35000 Upper Palaeolithic
u.
12000 Mesolithic
ed
10000 Neolithic
6000
2600 BCE
Chalcolithic
Harappan civilisation
cho
Te
1000 BCE Use of iron
600BCE-400 CE Early historic
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fro
Introduction
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• Indus valley/Harappan Civilisation was a Bronze Age
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civilisation (3300-1300 BCE) in the north western
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regions of South Asia(India, Pakistan, Afghanistan)
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• The Indus Valley Civilisation is also named the
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Harappan civilisation after Harappa
• Harappa was the first site to be excavated in the
1921
• Harappan civilization flourished in the basins of
the Indus River.
, • Harappan period witnessed the First urbanisation in
India.
Sources
• Archaeological evidences (remains of houses,
pots, ornaments, tools and seals)
m
co
u.
ed
ho
The Harappan seal
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➢ The Harappan seal is the most distinctive artefact
of the Harappan civilisation.
m
fro
➢ Made of a stone called steatite, seals often
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contain animal motifs and signs from a script
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oa
nl
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Harappan period
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Before 2600 BCE Early Harappa culture
2600BCE to 1900 BCE Mature Harappa culture
After 1900 BCE Late Harappa culture
, m
co
u.
Extent/ Boundary of Harappan culture
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1 North Manda
c ho
Jammu Kashmir India
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m
2 South Daimabad Maharashtra India
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3 East Alamgirpur Utharpradesh India
d
de
oa
4 West Sutkagendor Baluchistan Province
Pakistan
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ow
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Important Mature Harappan sites and
their Location
1 Harappa Punjab Province, Pakistan(on an old bank
of the River Ravi)
2 Mohenjodaro Larkana District of Sindh Pakistan (on
bank of Indus River)
, 3 Kalibangan Rajasthan India
4 Dholovira Gujarat India
5 Lothal Gujarat India
6 Suktagendor Baluchistan Province Pakistan
7 Kotdiji Sindh, Pakistan.
8 Banawali Haryana India
9 Chanhudaro Sindh, Pakistan.
m
10 Nageshwar Gujarath India
co
11 Rangpur Gujarath India
u.
12 Manda Jammu Kashmir India
ed
13 Rakhigarhi Haryana India
14 Amri Sindh, Pakistan.
c ho
Te
15 Balakot Khyber, Pakistan
16 Mitathal Haryana India
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fro
17 Ganweriwala Punjab Pakistan
18 Cholistan Punjab Pakistan
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19 Shortugai Afghanistan
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The term CULTURE
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• Archaeologists use the term “culture” for a group of
objects, distinctive in style, that are usually found
together within a specific geographical area and period of
time.
• In the case of the Harappan culture, these distinctive
objects include seals, beads, weights, stone blades and
even baked bricks.
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