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NCE Full Exam Summary Notes

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Summary notes for the NCE exam with visuals perfect to have to make sure you pass!

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  • October 18, 2024
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NCE Exam Summary Notes


Human Development
1. Human Development (20%)
A. Developmental Stages

Key Social-
Age Key Physical Key Cognitive
Stage Emotional
Range Developments Developments
Developments

• Rapid physical
• Object • Attachment
growth
permanence formation
• Gross motor
0-2 • Sensorimotor • Basic emotions
Infancy skills (rolling,
years stage (Piaget) emerge
crawling, walking)
• Beginning of • Self-awareness
• Fine motor skills
symbolic thought develops
(grasping)

• Increased
• Preoperational
independence
• Improved stage (Piaget)
• Gender identity
Early 2-6 coordination • Egocentrism
develops
Childhood years • Refinement of • Symbolic play
• Emergence of
fine motor skills • Theory of mind
prosocial
emerges
behaviors

• Peer
• Concrete
relationships gain
operational stage
• Steady growth importance
(Piaget)
Middle 6-11 • Improved • Self-concept
• Conservation
Childhood years strength and develops
• Logical thinking
coordination • Improved
about concrete
emotional
objects
regulation

• Identity
• Formal
formation
• Puberty operational stage
(Erikson)
11-18 • Growth spurt (Piaget)
Adolescence • Increased
years • Sexual • Abstract thinking
autonomy
maturation • Improved
• Importance of
decision-making
peer groups

, Key Social-
Age Key Physical Key Cognitive
Stage Emotional
Range Developments Developments
Developments

• Intimacy vs.
• Peak physical • Post-formal Isolation (Erikson)
Early 18-40 condition (20s) thought • Career
Adulthood years • Gradual decline • Peak in fluid development
begins (late 30s) intelligence • Possible
parenthood

• Generativity vs.
Stagnation
• Maintenance of
• Gradual physical (Erikson)
cognitive abilities
Middle 40-65 decline • Balancing work
• Potential decline
Adulthood years • Menopause and family
in processing
(women, 45-55) • Possible
speed
caregiving for
parents

• Potential • Integrity vs.
• Continued
cognitive decline Despair (Erikson)
Late 65+ physical decline
• Maintained • Adjustment to
Adulthood years • Increased health
crystallized retirement
risks
intelligence • Coping with loss


B. Theories of Development
1. Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Positive Negative
Stage Age Crisis
Outcome Outcome

1 0-18 months Trust vs. Mistrust Hope Fear and mistrust

18 months-3 Autonomy vs. Self-doubt,
2 Will, self-control
years Shame and Doubt shame

Guilt, lack of
3 3-5 years Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose
initiative

Industry vs. Feelings of
4 5-12 years Competence
Inferiority inferiority

Identity vs. Role Fidelity, clear
5 12-18 years Role confusion
Confusion sense of self

Young Intimacy vs. Loneliness,
6 Love
adulthood Isolation isolation

Middle Generativity vs. Self-absorption,
7 Care, productivity
adulthood Stagnation stagnation

, Positive Negative
Stage Age Crisis
Outcome Outcome

Late
8 Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom Regret, despair
adulthood


2. Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

Sensorimotor Stage 0-2 years




Preoperational Stage 2-7 years Object Permanence Circular Reactions




Concrete Operational Stage 7-11 years Symbolic Thought Egocentrism




Formal Operational Stage 11+ years Conservation Reversibility




Abstract Thinking Hypothetical Reasoning




Key Concepts:

Schemas: Mental representations of the world

Assimilation: Incorporating new information into existing schemas

Accommodation: Modifying existing schemas to fit new information

3. Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Stage Age Focus Conflict Potential Fixation

0-18 Oral personalities (e.g.,
Oral Mouth Weaning
months overeating)

18 months- Anal personalities (e.g.,
Anal Anus Toilet training
3 years obsessive cleanliness)

Oedipus/Electra Sexual inhibition or
Phallic 3-6 years Genitals
complex promiscuity

Dormant
Latency 6-puberty sexual - -
feelings

Mature
Puberty
Genital sexual - -
onwards
interests

, 4. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory




Zone of Proximal Development ZPD Scaffolding Social Mediation Private Speech




What a child can do with help Temporary support for learning Learning through social interaction Self-directed speech for self-regulation




C. Cognitive and Emotional Development
1. Cognitive Development

Information Processing Theory Components:

1. Attention

2. Perception

3. Memory

4. Problem-solving

Executive Functions:

Working memory

Inhibitory control

Cognitive flexibility

Theory of Mind:

Develops around age 4-5

Understanding others' mental states

2. Emotional Development

Attachment Theory (Bowlby and Ainsworth):


Attachment Style Child Behavior Caregiver Behavior

Responsive and
Secure Uses caregiver as secure base
consistent

Anxious- Distressed on separation, difficult to Inconsistent
Ambivalent comfort responsiveness

Little distress on separation, avoids
Avoidant Unresponsive or rejecting
caregiver

Disorganized Confused, contradictory behaviors Frightening or abusive


Emotional Regulation Development:

1. External regulation (by caregivers)

2. Co-regulation

3. Internal regulation

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