Exam (elaborations)
AP Euro Unit 1 Test Questions and Answers 100% Solved
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Exam of 19 pages for the course AP European at AP European (AP Euro Unit 1 Test)
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AP Euro Unit 1 TestJoan of Arc - answer Deeply religious girl. Came to Charles VII and claimed to have
heard the voices of saints ordering her to save Orleans. Fought in the Hundred Years
War and helped the French. Captured by the English. Burned as a heretic.
Wars of the Roses - answer English aristocratic families (with their armies) fighting other
families for control. Lancaster vs York. Henry Tudor wins (Henry VII). Tudor dynasty
begins in England.
Holy Roman Empire - answer Large, powerful kingdom with territory throughout central
Europe
Spanned from the North and Baltic Seas to the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas and
from Bohemia to Burgundy
Emperor Charles IV (1355-1378)
Occupied almost entirely by Germanic people
Decentralized
Emperor Charles IV - answer• Passed the Golden Bull
• Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
• Turned Prague into a cultural center
• Fostered a literary and artistic Renaissance
• Gave up political power as Emperor
Golden Bull - answer• Edict passed by Emperor Charles IV
• Holy Roman Emperor chosen by seven great princes of the empire without
consultation with the pope
• Reduced power of emperor
Black Death/ Plague - answer• Virulent combination of pneumonia, bubonic plague,
septicemia
• Killed a third to one half of European population
• Loss of social and moral codes
• Created a labor surplus
• Infrastructure fell apart as farming, manufacturing went dormant
Jacquerie - answer• Labor surplus led to higher wages for peasants
• Nobles, aristocracy did not want to pay more, demanded pre-plague wages
• Local nobles, French king increase taxes, local demands
• Peasants revolt, not chivalric in nature
• Anticlerical (attacked church structure)
• Ended by completed dissection of French Army
,Etienne Marcel - answer• Wealthy Parisian cloth merchant
• Angered with the French aristocracy, elite
• Wanted to control French finances and fiscal reforms
• Followers included merchants, guild elite, and peasants
• Ended by complete force of the French Army
Hanseatic League - answerMonopolized northern grain trade along Baltic Coast
League had rights to export Scandinavian fish throughout Europe
Influx of Baltic Grain sent Europe into a 200+ year depression
Avignon - answer• Clement V (1305-1314) moved papacy to Avignon in 1305 from
Rome
• Under French control
• Home of papacy from 1305-1377
• Papacy concentrated on legal and fiscal reforms
• Led to Great Schism
Indulgences - answer• Pope transfers positive balance to sinners in return for pious acts
including contributing money to church
• Could be purchased for ones own use or to assist souls of family members in
purgatory
• Major source of church's revenue
benefices - answer• Second source of major revenue, especially for Papal income
• B/c Popes could appoint bishops/other leaders they would also collect taxes for such
appointments
• Benefices are Church offices
• Encouraged pluralism: individuals could acquire many benefices
Great Schism - answer• 1377: Pope Gregory XI returned papacy to Rome; died
immediately after
• Italians surrounded church demanding Italian Pope
• Cardinals elected Urban VI who insulted all Italian Cardinals; Cardinals claim election
null-and-void, elect Clement VII who takes up residence at Avignon
• Church has two Popes
• Great Schism created many questions: "Where do taxes go, where do appointments
come from?"
• Divided Europe
Conciliarism - answer• Idea that a church council could end schism
• Popes disliked b/c it suggested that an assembly of the Church had more power than
the Pope
• At first worsened situation, electing a third Pope
Council of Constance - answer• Held from 1414 to 1418
, • Under Emperor-Elect Sigismund, cardinals, bishops, abbots, and theologians from
across Europe met to resolve the Great Schism
• Idea that Popes power could be controlled through frequent councils
• Ends multiplicity of Papal office
• Elected the impartial Pope, Martin V, ends schism
Witches Hammer - answer• Handbook for hunting witches, including procedures to
induce their confessions
• Written by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger
• Natural disasters such as plague and human disasters promoted fear of witchcraft,
"witches" were blamed for troubles
• Accused witches were most commonly women on the margins of society
• Started witch hunting craze
John Wycliffe - answer• 1330-1384
• Unorthodox Christian who questioned the church's right to wealth
• Said that the value of ideals depended on the worthiness of the priest
• Protected by secular lords and followers in England
• Held ideas such as that Christ was present in Eucharist only in spirit, indulgences were
useless and predestination was more important individual merit
Lollards - answer• Followers of John Wycliffe
• Weren't suppressed until Henry V took power
• Support made Wycliffe popular and protected him from persecution
Jan Hus - answer• Leading teacher of Wycliffe's ideas in Prague, rejected his ideas
about priests
• Demanded reform of church's morals
• Led attack on German dominance in Bohemia
• Followers were called "Hussites"
• Excommunicated by Pope John XXIII
• Burned at the stake for heresy by the Council of Constance
• His execution caused revolt in Bohemia
• Martin Luther a follower
William of Ockham - answer• Defended radical poverty- was excommunicated by Pope
John XXIII
• Said that church couldn't be based on logic, must be believed
• Nominalism—denied reason could lead to truth
• Believed that the church shouldn't have a role in the government
• Denied absolute authority of the pope
• Church should have elected officials
• Defended radical poverty
Nominalism - answer• Doctrine of William of Ockham
• Stated that reason could not lead to truth
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