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Cancer Biology Final Exam Questions with Latest Update
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Answer the following questions as if you were explaining them to a layperson (non-scientist). Your answers should be accurate but should not be too detailed or use jargon that a non-scientist would not understand. -What is cancer? -What causes cancer? -How can we treat cancer? - Answer--Cancer i...

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  • October 18, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Cancer Biology Final Exam Questions
with Latest Update
Answer the following questions as if you were explaining them to a layperson (non-
scientist). Your answers should be accurate but should not be too detailed or use jargon
that a non-scientist would not understand.
-What is cancer?
-What causes cancer?
-How can we treat cancer? - Answer--Cancer is the abnormal and uncontrolled growth
of cells. It's a genetic disease that occurs when there are mutations in the DNA, and it
can occur over the lifetime of an organism.
-Cancer can be caused by some viruses, environmental factors, and lifestyle (such as
your diet or habits such as smoking). Cancer can also be inherited
- Cancer can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, targeted gene therapy,
and immunotherapy.

List three of the Hallmarks of Cancer described by Hanahan & Weinberg. For each,
describe one example of a driver mutation that affects this hallmark. It is not necessary
to provide the exact name of the protein affected by the driver mutation, but you should
explain its function in the cell and whether it is an oncogene or tumor suppressor. -
Answer-Three hallmarks of cancer described by Hanahan & weinberg include
Regulatory Dysfunction, Resisting cell death and sustaining proliferative signal.
One example of a driver mutation for Regulatory Dysfunction is the tumor suppressor
gene pRb, this tumor suppressor gene is the guardian of the restriction point "gate". If
mutated, the cancer cells will be allowed to pass through the restriction point and
proliferate. One example of resisting cell death is the p53 protein. The p53 protein is a
tumor suppressor gene that induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and initiates repair
when a cell is under stress. When p53 is mutated or broken it is unable to signal Mdm2
which causes ubiquination and therefor kills p53. This inability to destroy itself causes
there to be an accumulation of p53 protein which contributes to tumors because it is no
longer functional in suppressing tumors.
One example of a driver mutation that affects Sustaining proliferative signal is the
oncogene Ras. Ras is a signaling protein that functions in the MAP Kinase cascade
pathway to promote cell proliferation. The point mutation in the coding sequence causes
the protein to always be on; constitutive activity, promoting tumorigenesis.

Describe and explain in moderate detail one approach that scientists have used to
investigate the causes of cancer. This could include either identification of
environmental (e.g. identification of carcinogens) or genetic causes of cancer (e.g.
identification of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). - Answer-Identification of
environmental causes of cancer can be done through the Ames test. The Ames test
quantitatively assesses the mutagenic potency of the tested compound. The procedure
for this test involves rat liver being homogenized to release its enzymes, its then mixed

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