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Cancer FINAL EXAM Questions with Complete Solutions
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Cancer background info - Answer-500,000 deaths in US/year. 1 million new diagnoses/year. Cancer Unique because - Answer-1.) Cells lack differentiation (dont specialize), 2.) Have abnormal nuclei (abormal chromosomes, cells act like stem cells - have unlimited replicate ability), 3.) Form tumors,...

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  • October 18, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • cancer final exam questions with complete solution
  • cancer background info answer 500000 deaths in

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Cancer FINAL EXAM Questions with
Complete Solutions
Cancer background info - Answer-500,000 deaths in US/year. 1 million new
diagnoses/year.

Cancer Unique because - Answer-1.) Cells lack differentiation (dont specialize), 2.)
Have abnormal nuclei (abormal chromosomes, cells act like stem cells - have unlimited
replicate ability), 3.) Form tumors, 4.) No need for growth factors (some stim GF telling
cell to divide, other are inhibitory [cell says stop dividing]), 5.) Cells undergo
angiogenesis (produce new blood vessels), 6.) Undergo metastasis.

Factors related to cancer - Answer-Cancer is a carcinogen (organic chemicals,
radiation, viruses) and hereditary (protoncogenes, tumor suppressor genes).

Organic chemicals - Answer-cigarette smoking is linked to lung, mouth, larynx, kidney,
bladder, pancreatic cancer. smoking and drinking increases risk of cancer significantly.
80% all cancers are organic chemicals. includes food additives, asbestos,
pesticides/herbacides.

Radiation - Answer-UV light > skin cancer, skin cancer is 6x more prevalent than lung
cancer, can get from x-rays and CT scans, radon (natural gas), atomic bombs.

Viruses - Answer-HIV - immunodeficiency and transplant patients, human
papillomavirus, mononucleosis/epstein barr linked to nasopharyngeal/ lymphoid cancer.
Hepatitis B and C (viruses that affect liver).

Protoncogenes - Answer-code for proteins that promote cell cycle and prevent
apoptosis. most of us have many protoncogenes. Problem occurs when protoncogene
mutates into oncogene (only change 1 amino acid), call this "gain of function mutation,"
once converted to oncogene cell cycle is always on, have no beneficial function (never
want these).

Tumor suppressor genes - Answer-normal function: prevents uncontrolled growth,
triggers apoptosis in cells that have DNA damage. Malfunction causes cancer and loss
of function. Supressor genes include p53, BRCA gene 1 and 2, RB gene.

p53 gene - Answer-want normal p53 gene: causes apoptosis, makes p53 protein in low
amounts. If damaged DNA we turn on p53 gene for apoptosis. If we inheret mutated
p53 gene: die by age 2. Not inhereted = mutation.

BRCA gene 1 and 2 - Answer-linked with breast and ovarian cancer, 1 found in mom
and Dad: if both are mutated then we get cancer, if only 1 mutated then we are normal.

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