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Intro to Cancer - EXAM ONE Questions with Complete Solutions
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Metastases - Answer-Have a tendency to spread throughout the body. The new settlements are called Metastases. Neoplasia - Answer-The formation of tumors. Primary Tumor - Answer-Can be traced back directly to the original site of disease where the cancer begun. Benign - Answer-Tumorous lesi...

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  • October 18, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Intro to Cancer - EXAM ONE Questions
with Complete Solutions
Metastases - Answer-Have a tendency to spread throughout the body. The new
settlements are called Metastases.

Neoplasia - Answer-The formation of tumors.

Primary Tumor - Answer-Can be traced back directly to the original site of disease
where the cancer begun.

Benign - Answer-Tumorous lesion containing differentiated cells. Tumors that grew
locally without invading adjacent tissues. Tend to be harmless.

Malignant - Answer-Dedifferentiated tumor cells can ability to invade nearby tissue.
Tumors that invaded nearby tissues and spawned metastases.

What is dedifferentiated? - Answer-When cells that were specialized for a specific
function lose the ability to specialize.

Metastatic - Answer-Malignant and invasive cells gain access to vasculature and move
to other parts of the body.

Thyroid Adenomas - Answer-May cause excessive release of thyroid hormone into
circulation, leading to hypothyroidism.

Pituitary Adenomas - Answer-May release growth hormone into the circulation, causing
excessive growth of certain tissues: a condition known as Acromegaly.

Where do tumors arise from? - Answer-They usually arise from epithelial tissue.

Normal tissue organization? - Answer-Epithelial -> Basement Membrane -> Stroma

Carcinomas (Epithelial) - Answer-Epithelial spawn the most common human cancers.

Squamous Cell Carcinomas - Answer-Arise from epithelial cells that form protective cell
layers.

Adenocarcinomas - Answer-Which forms in epithelial cells that contain specialized cells
that secrete substances into ducts or cavities that they line.

Sarcomas (Non-epithelial) - Answer-A malignant cancer of mesenchymal cells. Able to
develop into the tissues of the lymphatic and circulatory systems.

, Leukemia - Answer-Cancer that starts in blood forming tissues such as bone marrow
and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.

Lymphomas - Answer-Cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.

Neuroectodermal Tumors - Answer-Non-epithelial cancers that arise from various
components of the CNS and PNS.

How does a cancer arise? - Answer-1. A body cell reacts to a stimulus.
2. The cell affected must be a dividing cell or a cell that is forced from G0 to G1.
3. A change occurs in that cell's genetic component that is important to its normal
physiology.
4. The genetic change is not corrected.
5. This produces a stable mutation, which if expressed, initiated a transformative
change.

What happens in Metastases? - Answer-The cell moves through a state of unchecked
proliferation:
- A clonal expansion of stable mutations in genes that control turnover.
- Production of a cancer stem cell population that transitions through benign -
>malignant and finally invasive transformation.
- Strategic stem cells that continue to gain enough genotypic and phenotypic changes,
that they can break away from the stem cell population and become metastatic.

How can you acquire a tumor? (Tumorigenesis) - Answer--Environmental - UV,
chemical, smoke
- Diet - fungi, fats
- Occupational - asbestos
- Viral - HBV, HCV, Herpes
- Drugs, hormones
- Germline inheritance

Cells response to a stressor? - Answer-1. It can kill the cell.
2. Irreversible damage leads to necrosis, cell death and tissue dissolution.
3. Damage leading to a temporary physiological change can usually revert back to
normal once the insult is removed.
4. Chronic inflammation and stable adaptation resulting in genetic and phenotypic
alterations, often leads the cell toward neoplastic transformation, which means
conversion of a tissue with a normal growth pattern into a malignant tumor.

Cellular Atrophy - Answer-Reduced funtionality of an organ with decrease in the number
or volume of cells. Characterized by decreased cell size, organelles, and energy
requirements.

Hypertrophy - Answer-Increase in volume of organ or tissue resulting from enlargement
of component cells.

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