NURS 612 (2024/2025) EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS || ALREADY
GRADED A+ <LATEST VERSION>
Diffusion - ANSWER Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration. *without water
Osmosis - ANSWER Diffusion *of water* through a s...
Diffusion - ANSWER ✔ Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration. *without water
Osmosis - ANSWER ✔ Diffusion *of water* through a selectively permeable
membrane
Active Transport - ANSWER ✔ Energy (ATP)-requiring process that moves
material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
Endocytosis - ANSWER ✔ process by which a cell takes material into the cell by
infolding of the cell membrane
Exocytosis - ANSWER ✔ Process by which a cell releases large amounts of
material
4 Different Tissue Types - ANSWER ✔ 1. Epithelial (sheet of cells that form
outer lining for tissues and organs, attaches to basement membrane, avascular)
2. Connective (binds or separates cells in organs, most abundant tissue of the body)
3. Muscle (mitochondria rich enabling high levels of energy production)
4. Nervous (communication system)
Atrophy - ANSWER ✔ decrease in size
Hypertrophy - ANSWER ✔ increase in size
Hyperplasia - ANSWER ✔ increase in number
,Metaplasia - ANSWER ✔ replacement of adult cells
Dysplasia - ANSWER ✔ deranged cell growth of a specific tissue
Dystrophic calcifications - ANSWER ✔ Calcium deposits in injured or dead cells;
key point cell injury
Metastatic calcifications - ANSWER ✔ Reflects deranged calcium metabolism
(Not cell injury), usually associated with increased serum calcium levels, leading
to deposition of calcium in other locations.
DNA structure and function - ANSWER ✔ function: hold genetic information,
read it out, and translate it into the building of a cell; structure: suggests that
genetic information is encoded in linear sequenes of GCAT
RNA structure and function - ANSWER ✔ RNA is single-stranded
- RNA's sugar molecule is ribose rather than deoxyribose, and
- RNA's fourth base is uracil rather than thymine.
Mitosis - ANSWER ✔ cell division that results in two identical daughter cells
(prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis)
Meiosis - ANSWER ✔ process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is
cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
Genotype - ANSWER ✔ genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype - ANSWER ✔ physical characteristics of an organism
Allele - ANSWER ✔ alternate forms of a gene; one from each parent
Locus - ANSWER ✔ position genes occupy on a chromosome
Homozygote - ANSWER ✔ two alleles of a given pair are the same
Heterozygote - ANSWER ✔ two different alleles at a gene locus
Genetic Assessment - ANSWER ✔ - assessment of genetic risk and prognosis
- detailed family HX
- PG HX
- detailed accounts of birth process
- accounts of postnatal health and development
- physical examination of the affected child and family
- lab tests
Role of Hormones - ANSWER ✔ regulate and integrate body functions, chemical
messengers produced to target a specific cell, function as a modulator of cellular
and systemic responses
Makeup of Hormones - ANSWER ✔ -amines and amino acids
-peptides, polypeptides, proteins, and glycoproteins (majority of hormones)
-steroids such as aldosterone and testosterone (derivatives of cholesterol)
Half-life of Hormones - ANSWER ✔ length of time it takes for the body to
metabolize 50% of a hormone released into the bloodstream; can take minutes or
days; tighter bound = longer half-life
Hormone Receptor Function - ANSWER ✔ Hormones interact with high affinity
receptors; located on the surface or inside the target cells
Hypothalamus - ANSWER ✔ A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it
directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps
govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and
reward.
Negative feedback loop - ANSWER ✔
Positive feedback loop - ANSWER ✔ a feedback loop in which change in a
system is amplified (oxytocin, rarest feedback system in body)
, Stimulation test - ANSWER ✔ when hypofunction of endocrine gland is
suspected
Supression test - ANSWER ✔ when hyperfunction of endocrine gland is
suspected
GTPAL - ANSWER ✔ gravida - # of pregnancies
term - # of pregnancies that reached 37 weeks
preterm - # of pregnancies 20-36 weeks
abortions - # of spontaneous/induced <20 weeks
living children
pelvic organ prolapse - stage 1 - ANSWER ✔ most distal portion of the prolapse
is >1 cm above the level of the hymen
pelvic organ prolapse - stage 2 - ANSWER ✔ most distal portion of the prolapse
is less than or equal to 1 cm proximal to or distal to the plane of the hymen
pelvic organ prolapse - stage 3 - ANSWER ✔ most distal portion of the prolapse
is >1 cm below the plane of the hymen
pelvic organ prolapse - stage 4 - ANSWER ✔ complete eversion of the total
length of the vagina
tail of spence / upper outer corner - ANSWER ✔ most malignancies of the breast
are found here...
benign prostate hyperplasia - ANSWER ✔ prostate is diffusely smooth and
enlarged
prostate cancer - ANSWER ✔ nodular and unusually firm
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