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Physics Question and answers already passed Physics ... - correct answer The Coulomb one, in which the divergence of the vector potential is set to zero, is often used when sources are not present. Within the Lorentz one, the divergence of the vector potential plus the product of one over ...

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  • October 19, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Physics
... - correct answer ✔The Coulomb one, in which the divergence of the
vector potential is set to zero, is often used when sources are not present.
Within the Lorentz one, the divergence of the vector potential plus the product
of one over c and the time derivative of the scalar potential is zero.
Transformations given this name include, for instance, the addition of the
gradient of a scalar function to the vector potential. For 10 points, give this
physics term denoting the invariance of electromagnetic fields to particular
changes in the potentials.


gauge - correct answer ✔...


... - correct answer ✔Confirmed to high precision by Hungarian physicist
Roland Eötvös, this principle dates back to Galileo's observation that the
period of a pendulum is independent of its mass. Although it does not apply to
rotating systems or to systems in which the gravitational field varies
considerably, it was the basis for predictions of such phenomena as the
gravitational red shift. FTP, name this principle important in general relativity
which maintains that inertial mass and gravitational mass are equivalent.


Principle of Equivalence - correct answer ✔...


... - correct answer ✔His father owned a brick works near Groningen; his
mother was the daughter of an architect. In his doctoral thesis he proved that
Foucault's pendulum experiment can be used to show the earth's rotation.
Always interested in cryogenics, he used the theories of compatriots Van der
Waals and Lorentz to make the discoveries that earned Leyden its title as
coldest place on earth. For 10 points, name the physicist who liquefied helium.


Heike Kamerlingh Onnes - correct answer ✔...

,... - correct answer ✔It was formulated in 1820, when a Lyonnese professor
observed Oersted's discovery that the needle on a compass would line up
perpendicular to a current-carrying wire. Although it produces a very difficult
equation, in cases of high symmetry it can be much easier to solve than the
Biot-Savart Law. FTP, name the law which states that the path integral of a
magnetic field around any closed path is proportional to the current enclosed
by the path, named for its French discoverer.


Ampere's Law - correct answer ✔...


... - correct answer ✔This accounts for the superfluous negative energy
states of an electron as predicted by the relativistic quantum mechanical
theory proposed by Dirac. A spin one-half particle, it was observed in cloud
chamber photographs of cosmic rays, and it is ejected by proton-rich
radioactive nuclei in positive beta decay. FTP, identify this particle, discovered
in 1932 by Carl Anderson.


positron or anti-electron - correct answer ✔...


... - correct answer ✔The coefficient named after him is 1 over the quantity n
times e, where e is the electronic charge and n is the number of charge
carriers per unit volume. When this co-efficient is multiplied by the current
density and the magnetic flux density, the result is the strength of the electric
field produced within a conductor subjected to a strong transverse magnetic
field. FTP, identify the scientist after whom this effect is named, in which the
potential difference develops at right angles to both the current and the field.


Edwin Hall (accept the Hall effect) - correct answer ✔...


... - correct answer ✔Frustrated with the initial results, he performed his
experiment again on top of California's Mount San Antonio, but with no luck.
He redesigned the experiment in order to detect any effects caused by the

,earth's rotation; again, nothing. His half-silvered, half-transparent mirror
worked just fine; his telescope received each half-pulse, and there was no
difference in speed. An aether windspeed of only one or two miles per second
would have had an observable effect, but none was seen. FTP, name this
experimenter who disproved the existence of the aether.


Albert Michelson (accept Michelson-Morley Experiment before "this
experimenter") - correct answer ✔...


... - correct answer ✔On the fifth of February, 1925, an experimenter's
notebook records the discovery of a crack in the vacuum trap in an electron
scattering apparatus at Western Electric. Later, the nickel target formed ten
crystal facets, producing a strange pattern of light, which was later seized
upon by Max Born and Erwin Schrodinger as evidence for his theories. FTP,
name the two experimenters whose discovery of photon scattering gave
support to the wave theory of light.


Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer (accept "Davisson-Germer"; prompt if
only one name is given on a buzz before "two".) - correct answer ✔...


... - correct answer ✔In curved spacetime, this phenomenon is explained by
applying Bogoliubov transformations to the solutions of Maxwell's equations.
writing them as positive-frequency and negative-frequency parts; one gives
you particles, and the other, antiparticles. The resulting prediction is a
blackbody glowing at a temperature equal to six times ten to the negative
eighth kelvins per solar masses -- in other words, FTP, for particle-antiparticle
pairs created near the event horizon, one falls into a black hole, and the other
escapes as what kind of radiation?


Hawking Radiation - correct answer ✔...

, ... - correct answer ✔This constant is based on the simplification that the
nucleus of an atom is almost infinitely more massive than a single orbiting
electron, hence it is often symbolized by a letter with the infinity symbol as a
subscript. The shortest wavelength in the Balmer series is four divided by this
quantity. Taking a value of 109,677.58 reciprocal centimeters, for ten points,
name this fundamental constant of atomic physics developed in 1890 by a
Swedish physicist and usually symbolized by a capital R.


Rydberg constant - correct answer ✔...


... - correct answer ✔It was first discovered in an 1821 experiment using a
copper strip and a bismuth strip, although it holds true for any pair of metals. It
was discovered that merely holding part of the experimental apparatus was
sufficient to cause this to occur. Used to measure temperature accurately in
thermocouples, for ten points, name this thermoelectric effect in which an
electromotive force is produced in a closed circuit where two junctions of
dissimilar conductors are maintained at different temperatures.


Seebeck effect - correct answer ✔...


... - correct answer ✔This circuit consists of 3 known resistors and an
unknown resistance connected in a diamond pattern. A DC voltage is
connected across two opposite points of the diamond and a galvanometer is
bridged across the other two. By varying the value of one of the known
resistances, the bridge can be made to balance for any value of unknown
resistance which can then be calculated. FTP name this kind of circuit, named
for a Britist physicist.


Wheatstone Bridge - correct answer ✔...


... - correct answer ✔He was the first to isolate aluminum, and published his
Manual of Mechanical Physics in 1844. Born in Rudkobing in 1777, he was

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