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Summary

CBI-20306 Cell biology and health, reader summary
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  • Course
  • Cbi-20306 (CBI20306)
  • Institution
  • Wageningen University (WUR)

This is a summary of all the literature in the reader for the course CBI-20306, cell biology and health. The summary also includes online modules for virology.

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Document information

  • January 26, 2020
  • 27
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary

Subjects

  • cbi summary
  • cbi 20306 reader
  • cbi 20306 reader summary
  • cbi 20306 summary
  • reader summary
  • cell biology and health
  • cell biology and h
  • summary
  • cell biology and health summary
  • cell biology and health reader

Written for

  • Wageningen University (WUR)
  • Dierwetenschappen
  • Cbi-20306 (CBI20306)
All documents for this subject (2)

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LindaMeijering

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Available practice questions

CBI-20306 questions to practice the reader

Flashcards 140 Flashcards
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Flashcards 140 Flashcards
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Some examples from this set of practice questions

1.

what are the three different lines of defense of the body?

Answer: physical barriers, innate immunity and adaptive immunity

2.

how can the immune system distinguish self from non-self

Answer: via peptide presentation on MHC complexes

3.

what are three mononuclear cells?

Answer: monocytes, lymphocytes and NK cells

4.

what are three granulocytes

Answer: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

5.

where can mast cells be found?

Answer: tissues

6.

where do monocytes and macrophages occur?

Answer: monocytes in the blood macrophages in the tissue

7.

how does a lymphocyte change once it\'s become activated structurally

Answer: cytoplams increases

8.

what kind of immune cells develop in the bone marrow and thymus respectively?

Answer: B cells and T cells

9.

Where do NK cells mostly occur?

Answer: in the blood, spleen or liver

10.

where are eosinophils involved?

Answer: the protection from parasites

Content preview

CBI-20306 Cell biology and health reader
summary
1- Introduction to the immune system
Foreign invaders include:
 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Parasites
 Fungi
When the immune system does not function properly it can target the wrong thing causing allergies
and autoimmune diseases. Cytokines allow cells to regulate their own growth and behaviour, enlist
their fellows and direct new recruits to trouble spots.
A pathogen can enter the body through skin or through mucous membranes. The three defense lines
are:
1. Physical barriers
2. Innate immune system
3. Adaptive immune system

The key to the immune system is to distinguish between the self and non-self. This distinction is
made via peptide presentation on MHC complexes. MHC complexes that carry foreign molecules
kick-start the immune system.
An antigen is anything that triggers an immune response. A seemingly harmless substance to which
the immune system responds is called an allergen.

All immune cells originate from stem cells in the bone marrow. Leukocytes are divided in
mononuclear cells and granulocytes.
Mononuclear include:
 Monocytes
 Lymphocytes
 NK cells
Granulocytes include:
 Neutrophils
 Eosinophils and basophils

Mast cells are special cells that can only be found in tissue and not in the blood. They have a central
oval nucleus and histamine granules

Monocytes
 Have an irregular shape and kidney shaped nucleus
 Actively leave the blood stream and morph into macrophages
 When they encounter a pathogen, they phagocytose. A phagosome fuses with a lysosome
and the chemicals destroy the pathogen

Lymphocytes
 Small, almost filled by the nucleus
 When activated cytoplasm increases
 Can become a T or B cell in either thymus or bone marrow. B cells start producing antibodies.
T cells further differentiate

,NK cells
 Short lived
 Mostly in blood, spleen or liver

Neutrophils
 Lobed nucleus (3) and many small granules
 Kill by phagocytosis
 Move into tissue when called
 Short lived

Eosinophils
 Lobed nucleus (2) and granules in cytoplasm
 Involved in protection from parasites
 When a parasite is too large to phagocytose, they excrete their granules to create a toxic
environment

Basophils
 Lobed nucleus (2) and large granules
 Can protect from parasites through degranulation

Mast cells
 Look like basophils but don't occur in the blood
 Central oval shaped nucleus
 Long lived
 Phagocytose opsonized bacteria
 Stores histamine in granules
 Takes part in allergic reactions

All cells have proteins on their surface called 'cluster of differentiation' CD molecules. Helper T cells
have CD4 on their membrane.

Immune response:
1. A cut in a finger
2. Activation innate immune system
3. Neutrophils present become activated
4. They release granules with bacteria killing enzymes
5. Some neutrophils can explode to create a sticky web trapping bacterium
6. Macrophages arrive and seek out bacteria and eat dying neutrophils
7. Macrophages phagocytose bacteria and kill them by releasing chemicals into the phagosome
8. The macrophage releases chemicals and cytokines which increase blood flow to the cut
9. The macrophage releases cytokines alerting other cells
10. The adaptive immunity is activated

Cytokines
 Include interleukins, interferons and growth factors
 Most interleukins are produced by t helper cells
 Il-2 triggers the immune system to produce t cells
 Chemokines generally attract specific cell types
 Cytokines can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory
 Cytokines can have different effects/multiple roles at different sites

Antibodies

,  Produced by activated B cells
 Consists of 2 heavy and 2 light chains
 Tips (Fab-fragments) are highly variable and are binding sites
 The tail is referred to as the Fc site
 A pathogen consists of multiple antigens
 an epitope can be a PAMP specifically recognized by receptors on immune cells, each
antibody is specific for one epitope
 Antibody functions are:
o Neutralization of the pathogen by covering it
o Opsonisation (flagging it/labelling it)
o Complement activation
 Antibodies bind to the Fab parts; Fc receptors bind to the Fc part of antibodies. Fc receptors
can have an activating or inhibiting function

Adaptive immunity can be a cellular or humoral response.

2- structure of the immune system
There are primary and secondary lymphoid organs. At primary sites immune cells are created.

Cut example from Ch. 1 activation adaptive immunity:
1. Monocyte derived cells take up an antigen and travel to secondary lymphoid organs
2. The antigen is presented to the adaptive immune system

In primary lymphoid organs a process occurs that destroys 95% of the self-antigens.
Bone marrow
 Lymphocytes derived from here are B cells
 Contains two types of stem cells
o Hematopoietic (blood cell producing)
o Stromal (fat/cartilage/bone producing)
 Two types of bone marrow
o Red
o Yellow
 Most blood cells originate from red marrow which mainly occurs in flat bones like hip bones

Thymus
 Lymphocytes that mature here are T cells
 Incorrect T cells or ones that attack the 'self' die and are removed
 After puberty involution of the parenchyma of the thymus occurs
 Each thymus lobe is divided into a dark peripheral cortex and a lighter central medulla.
 Lobes contain reticular cells, macrophages and lymphocytes
 Reticular cells from a network providing support. They help maintain a microenvironment
 Lymphocytes are more numerous in the cortex
 In the thymus positive and negative selection for T cells occurs


Infection from the skin is managed by lymph nodes, infections from the intestine is managed by
peyers patches. Blood borne pathogens are taken care of by the spleen and respiratory infections go
to organs like the tonsils. Each lymphoid organ provides a microenvironment appropriate for the
pathogen that will be encountered there.

Lymph nodes

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