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NUR 211 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) PERFUSION 1 | ALL Q&AS BRAND NEW GUARANTEED A++
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NUR 211 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) PERFUSION 1 | ALL Q&AS BRAND NEW GUARANTEED A++
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NUR 211 Perfusion 11. Atrial fibrillation
Answer
-rapid atrial ectopic rhythm (chaotic atrial activity)
-atrial rates 350-500 bpm
-no P waves
waves are small, quivering fibrillatory waves, R wave irregular
-if few atrial stimuli pass through the AV junction
Ventricular response is slow and the ventricular rhythm is irregular
-if too many atrial stimuli pass through the AV junction there is a rapid ventricular response
2. Five lead placement
Answer
preferred monitoring over 3 lead system V1 lead in 4th ICS RSB
-chest lead can be moved to monitor precordial leads
-advantage is viewing two or more diff leads simultaneously
3. Test strip info for EKG
Answer
horizontal and vertical lines= 1mm apart ea horizontal small square- 0.04 sec
ea large square= 5 small=0.2 sec distance b/w two vertical markings=3 sec
4. Cardiac action potential
Answer
change in the electrical charge inside the cardiac cell when it is stimulated
5. The major electrical charge carriers in cardiac muscle cells are
,Answer
sodium potassium
calcium
6. Cardiac action potential
Answer
phase 0
Rapid depolarization-rapid increase of Na, cells become positive
7. Cardiac action potential
Answer
phase 1
Rapid repolarization- occurs at the peak of the action potential, Close Na channels and K leaves
the cell making it more negative (repolarization)
8. Cardiac action potential
Answer
phase 2
Plateau- K permeability is low allowing the membrane to stay depolarized, Ca enters the cell
leading to contraction
9. Cardiac action potential
Answer
phase 3
Final repolarization- increase of Na and Ca stops, rapid outward movement of K making the
cell (-) and repolarization
10. Cardiac action potential
Answer
phase 4
, Resting potential- the heart is in diastole (relaxed) there is no action potential being generated
to lead to contraction
11. P Wave
Answer
depolarization of the atria, the inside of the cell becomes more positive during depolarization bc
there is a rapid increase of Na into the cell. Depolarization is the electrical event within the cells
that makes contraction occur in the heart
12. PR interval
Answer
onset of atrial depolarization to onset of ventricular depolarization 0.12-0.20
13. QRS complex
Answer
ventricular depolarization (contraction) <0.12
14. ST Segment
Answer
end of ventricular depolarization to the beginning of ventricular repolarization (reset/resting)
15. T wave
Answer
ventricular repolarization (resting) Peaked T wave= hyperkalemia
16. U wave
Answer
rarely seen, small positive deflection after T wave, seen in hypokalemia
17. QT interval
Answer
varies with HR, need table to calculate
, 18. sinoatrial (SA) node
Answer
the pacemaker of the heart
-responsible for the depolarization (contraction) of the atria
-beats 60-100 bpm
-this forms the P wave
19. Dysrhythmias at the sinus node
Answer
sinus tach sinus brady
sinus dysrhythmia
sinus arrest and sinoatrial block sick sinus syndrome
20. Atrial ventricular node (AV node)
Answer
the gatekeep of the heart
-beats at 40-60 bpm
-job is to delay the electrical impulse to the ventricles in order to allow all the blood to empty
out of the atria before the ventricles contract, this prevents backflow into the atria (through the
tricuspid valve)-regurgitation
21. Steps in assessing a rhythm strip
Answer
1. Determine the atrial and ventricular HRs
2. Examine the rhythm to see if it is regular
3. Look for the P waves
4. Measure the PR interval
5. Evaluate the QRS complex
6. Examine the ST segment
7. Identify the rhythm and determine its clinical significance
22. normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
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