Definition 1 of 30
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In Origin, Darwin says heredity is the mechanism that perpetuates variation as traits are passed
from parents to offspring and explains small variations within a species. He said he realized this
through H.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836). Borrows from Malthus's theory that there is a struggle
because of limited resources, which is where law of natural selection for advantageous traits
comes into play. He spends the rest of his book defending it from criticism, like the
geographical record that does not show linking fossils. In response, Darwin says that the
geographical record is imperfect and many fossils were destroyed or not yes discovered. He
also said the creation of new species is by geographical isolation. He relied on inductive
reasoning with science and not religious fervor. Importantly, Darwin does say that he has
doubts about his own theory which resonates in the nature of the field of science. Uses the
word "Creator" and implies that he breathed life into the first species since he himself does not
know the first common ancestor and how it came about.
Darwin's explanation for evolution of the eye
role of biological organisms in the hx of biology (Endersby): Passiflora gracilis
issue of precedence/co-discovery between Wallace and Darwin
Darwin's use of the divine in his theory and/or rhetoric of the Origin of Species
Definition 2 of 30
According to Desmond and Moore PDF. Darwin's family and the Wedgewoods (his wife's family
and his first cousin) were anti-slavery and active in the abolitionist movement. Darwin was
deeply angered by the slavery he saw on his voyages on the Beagle. Historians like Desmond
and Moore think that Darwin's postulation on the descent of man from one, shared ancestor
was in support of racial equality and pro-humanitarian.
role of biological organisms in the hx of biology (Endersby): Homo sapiens
influence of Darwin's views of slavery in the development of his theories
role of biological organisms in the hx of biology (Endersby): Equus quagga
principle of population role in Darwin's theory
,Definition 3 of 30
theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin that states that all species arise
from a common ancestor, and develop or descend with modification through the natural
selection of inherited variations that increase the individual organisms ability to engage in
competition, live, and reproduce. These heritable traits better suited to the environment of a
given organism, therefore, means those will survive and slowly produce these variations in
offspring over many generations. This also leads to different species as beneficial mutations
consolidate.
use and disuse
transmutation of species
evolution
Lamarckian evolution
,Definition 4 of 30
Darwin proposed pangenesis as a developmental theory of heredity. He thought all cells in an
organism made and spread "gemmules" which circulate through the body and are in high
numbers in the sexual organs. The gemmules are therefore transmitted to the next generation
from parent to child, thus the mechanism for desired traits. Darwin did think that the
environment could impact and change gemmules, which in turn would pass to child as altered
gemmules with whatever environmental modification. Francis Galton disproved theory with
blood transfusions in colored rabbits.
pangenesis
principle of population (Malthus)
Darwinian sexual selection
great chain of being
, Definition 5 of 30
Passiflora gracilis is a type of passion flower. Following the impacts of imperalism and
industrialization, including change in the glass tax laws, Passiflora gracilis were grown in
Darwin's greenhouse. Greenhouses were massproduced in this period of the 19th century,
because it helped to combat the pollution that hindered the growth of produce for the
inhabitants of Britain. Aboard the Beagle, Darwin collected two new species of passionflower.
Darwin was alarmed by the sterility of the passionflower because it seemed to contradict his
theory. Passionflowers are structurally arranged to make self-fertilization unlikely. Read
Alexander Walker's book "Intermarriage," worried about his marriage to cousin, decided to
experiment with inbreeding on plants. He decided inbreeding created "less vigor and fertility."
The lock and key relationship between a certain pollinating insect and orchids added to his
natural selection theory. With Passiflora gracilis, he noticed they moved very fast with sensitive
tendrils. The mobility and responsiveness was a evolutionary response to their enviro to climb
and reach the light for photosynthesis (he didn't know about that yet, but basically). Realized
tendrils were modified leaf or flower stalks. Also more random variation with cross breeding
plants with tendency for self sterility.
role of biological organisms in the hx of biology (Endersby): Passiflora gracilis
role of biological organisms in the hx of biology (Endersby): Equus quagga
role of biological organisms in the hx of biology (Endersby): Homo sapiens
Darwin's use of the divine in his theory and/or rhetoric of the Origin of Species
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