Exam (elaborations)
Endocrine Spring Semester 2021
- Course
- Institution
Endocrine Spring Semester 2021 Endocrine Spring Semester 2021 Endocrine Spring Semester 2021
[Show more]
Content preview
Endocrine Spring Semester 2021Adrenarche - ANS Onset of androgen-dependent body changes such as growth of axillary and pubic hair,
body odor, and acne.
Acral - ANS Pertaining to peripheral body parts, such as toes and fingers
Acrochordon - ANS Skin tag
Acromegaly - ANS Abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face. Overproduction of Growth Hormone
(GH)
Acanthosis nigricans - ANS Common skin pigmentation disorder. Most notable sign is dark patches of
skin with a thick, velvety texture. Patches may appear on the armpits, groin, neck, elbows, knees,
knuckles, or skin folds.
Insulin resistance & obesity - ANS A patient that has acanthosis nigricans may have what other
conditions that are usually related to it?
Amenorrhea - ANS Absence of menstruation . One or more missed menstrual periods.
Galactorrhea - ANS Discharge of milk-like substance from the breast. Not associated with breastfeeding
after pregnancy
Exophthalmosis - ANS Term reserved for describing prominence of eyes secondary to thyroid disease
(Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Dz)). Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball or eyeballs. "Bulging Eyes"
,Proptosis - ANS Abnormal protrusion or displacement of an eye or other body part due to all other
causes
Hirsutism (HUR-soot-iz-um) - ANS Condition of male-pattern hair growth in women. Results in excessive
amounts of stiff and pigmented hair on body areas where men typically grow hair — face, chest and
back.
Menarche - ANS Onset of menstruation.
Precocious puberty - ANS Onset of puberty at an abnormally early age. Usually before the age of: 8 in
girls 9 in boys. Often caused from excess male hormones called androgens, primarily testosterone.
Pubarche - ANS Appearance of sexual hair.
Puberty - ANS Developmental stage during which secondary sexual characteristics appear.
Striae - ANS irregular areas of skin that look like bands, stripes, or lines. A result of rapid growth or
weight gain. Cushing's, Obesity, Pregnancy
Thelarche - ANS Onset of female breast development.
Virilization - ANS Biological development of sex differences. Changes that make a male body different
from a female body. Virilization changes are produced by androgens
A patient may harbor more than one endocrinopathy which could be overlooked if subtle history and
clinical cues are missed - ANS Why would you want to slow down your history and be thorough with
endocrine history?
high-pitched voice - ANS What about a males voice could indicate that he's hypogonadal?
,deeper voice - ANS What about a females voice could indicate that she's androgenized?
red cheeks, moon face, hirsutism - ANS What s/sx could indicate that a patient may have elevated
cortisol?
Endocrine - ANS Hormones secreted internally (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic islets,
adrenals, gonads)
Exocrine - ANS Substance is secreted externally (sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal,
sebaceous, prostate and mucous)
Trophic hormones - ANS hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (TSH, ACTH, LH/FSH,
gastrin)
Tropic hormones - ANS hormones that have other endocrine glands as a target.
peptides/protein, steroids and tyrosine (amines) - ANS What are the three types of hormones?
Paracrine - ANS effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting the hormone (local)
Autocrine - ANS a hormone which only effects the gland secreting it (like somatostatin secretion by
pancreatic islet cells inhibits insulin secretion from nearby beta cells)
straddles the trachea (inferior to the thyroid cartilage) and wraps around the cricoid cartilage; at the C5-
T1 level - ANS Describe where the thyroid gland is located
, recurrent laryngeal nerve - ANS If you're getting a thyroid surgery, what might possibly get 'nicked' and
could effect your voice?
iodine deficiency - ANS If a patient has multinodular goiter this can indicate what?
graves disease and may have bruit - ANS If you feel a patients thyroid and it's soft what might that
indicate? What might you also notice?
T4 (~85%) & T3 - ANS What does the thyroid gland secrete?
thyroid gland - ANS What is responsible for iodine metabolism and trapping?
T3 (10 times more active than T4) - ANS What is the active form of thyroid hormone?
YES. T4 has to be converted to T3 b/c about 87% of circulating T3 is derived from peripheral conversion
of T4. - ANS Does T4 have to be converted into T3?
1. Thyroid hormones enter the cell where most of the T4 is converted to T3. 2. T3 then binds to nuclear
receptors. 3. The T3 receptor complex binds to DNA and increases expression of specific genes. - ANS
What is the MOA of T4 & T3?
she will not make enough thyroid hormone and the fetus will have underdeveloped CNS which results in
cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism) - ANS If a pregnant mother doesn't have enough iodine what may
happen?
Wolff-Chaikoff Effect - ANS What is it called when elevated levels of iodine cause a reduction in the
synthesis & release of thyroid hormone? Usually last about 10 days.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller lectjoseph. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
78252 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now