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NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions.
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NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions.
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NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1 s s s sStudysonlinesatshttps://quizlet.com/_b2rla7
1. Phases of Inflammation: s s
Vascular Permeability: Inflammation stimulates blood vessel dilation and openingo
s s s s s s s s s
f capillary pores. Capillary pores allows fluid and cells (WBCs and platelets) to arrive
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
at site of injury.
s s s
2. Phases of Inflammation: s s
Cellular Chemotaxis: Chemical signal that calls out to WBC's to site of injury. Resu
s s s s s s s s s s s s s
lts in leukocytosis, where WBCs are released from the bone marrow and intothe bloo
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
d stream.
s
**Doctor is able to analyze the type of WBC and number of WBCs to determine typean
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
d severity of infection.
s s s
3. Phases of Inflammation: s s
Systemic Responses: Patient experiences symptoms such as:
s s s s s s
-Fever
-lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) s s s
-pain
-sleepiness
-lethargy
-anemia
-weight loss s
** Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, TNF-alpha, and ILs are respon-
s s s s s s s s s s
sible for many of these effects
s s s s s s
4. Mediators of Inflammation (5): 1. Cytokines (Interleukins ILs & TNF-alpha)
s s s s s s s s s
-either amplify or deactivate inflammatory response
s s s s s
-stimulate liver to release acute phase proteins s s s s s s
2. Chemokines
- proteins that attract WBCs to site of injury s s s s s s s
3. Acute phase proteins s s
-Facilitates WBC phagocytosis s s
-Include: C reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, and hecidin
s s s s s s s s s s
4. Prostaglandins
5. Pyrogens
5. What is acute inflammation?: Short term inflammatory response that resolveso
s s s s s s s s s s
nce infection has been resolved.
s s s s
6. What is chronic inflammation?: Ongoing infection for a long period of timeE
s s s s s s s s s s s s
x: TB and autoimmune diseases
s s s s
1s/s22
, NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1
s s s s
Studysonlinesatshttps://quizlet.com/_b2rla7
7. Stages of Infection (5): 1. Incubation Period (no identifiable symptoms)
s s s s s s s s s
2. Prodromal Stage (initial appearance of symptoms- MOST CONTAGIOUS s s s s s s s
3. Acute stage (full infectious experience)
s s s s
4. Convalescent (body fighting back, start to feel relief) s s s s s s s
5. Resolution (Total elimination of infection) s s s s
8. Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression: Immunocompetence refers tot s s s s s s
he individuals ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of a strongim
s s s s s s s s s s s s s
mune system. Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that place
s s s s s s s s s
s person at higher risk for infection.
s s s s s s
9. Portals of Entry (4): 1. Skin s s s s s
2. Respiratory
3. GI tract s
4. Urogenital tracts s
10. Atrophy: "Shrinking" s
When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they shrink to decrease the demanda
s s s s s s s s s s s s
nd increase efficiency.
s s
11. Metaplasia: -Replacement of one cell by another cell type s s s s s s s s
-
Generally occurs in response to chronic inflammationto e
s s s s s s s s
nable tissue survival s s
12. Role of pyrogens in fever: Activate Prostaglandins to reset the hypothalamicte
s s s s s s s s s s s
mperature-regulating center to a higher level s s s s s
13. Apoptosis: Genetically programmed death on cells that has no adverse effectso s s s s s s s s s s s
n body
s
14. Antibody titer: Level of antibody in the bloodstream and corresponds to thele
s s s s s s s s s s s s
vel of exposure to the microbe
s s s s s
15. What is the first Ig (immunoglobin) to rise during infection?: IgM
s s s s s s s s s s
16. Innate immunity is?: 1st line of defense against infection
s s s s s s s s
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all types ofp
s s s s s s s s s s s
athogens
17. Passive-acquired adaptive immunity: - s s s
Individual given pre made, fully formedantibodies against an antigen
s s s s s s s s s
-
Provides immediate but short term immunity.Es s s s s s
x: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
s s s s s s
18. Active acquired adaptive immunity: Longer lasting immunity than passive-ac-
s s s s s s s s
quired adaptive immunity but not permanent.
s s s s s s
Ex: Vaccine s
19. Adaptive immunity is?: -2nd line of defense against infection s s s s s s s s
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
s s s s s s s s
2s/s22
, NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1
s s s s
Studysonlinesatshttps://quizlet.com/_b2rla7
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
s s s s s s s s s s
3s/s22
, NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1
s s s s
Studysonlinesatshttps://quizlet.com/_b2rla7
20. Two major categories of adaptive immunity: 1. B lymphocyte immunity (hu-
s s s s s s s s s s
moral)
s
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
s s s s
21. Aortic Insufficiency: Occurs during S2, when the valve SHOULD close butd
s s s s s s s s s s s
oesn't
- Causes blood leaks back into the the left ventricle s s s s s s s s
-Forward flow is reduced s s s
22. What happens to the heart due to mitral valve insufficiency?: -
s s s s s s s s s s
Aka mitralregurgitation s s
-Valve does not close properly s s s s
-Caused by MI s s
-
When ventricle contracts, blood leaks into atrium causing atrial enlargement anddec
s s s s s s s s s s s
reased forward flow s s
- May lead to A-fib and vein distention
s s s s s s
-Increased risk for HF s s s
23. What causes Aortic Stenosis?: Calcific aortic sclerosis, which occurs becauseo
s s s s s s s s s s
f atherosclerosis and aging, causes stenotic deformity of the aortic valve
s s s s s s s s s s
24. What happens to the heart due to Aortic Stenosis?: Aortic valve does not op
s s s s s s s s s s s s s
en as it should so there is a greater resistance required to open the valve. Heartmur
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
mur heard during systole (S1).
s s s s
Leads to s
- left ventricular hypertrophy s s
-decreased aortic blood flow s s s
25. Clinical manifestations of Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms commonly don't ap-
s s s s s s s s
pear until condition is severe
s s s s s
Includes:
-dyspnea on exertion or exercise intolerance s s s s s
-exertional dizziness s
-exertional angina s
-symptoms of HF s s
26. What causes Mitral Stenosis?: Common sequela to RF (Rheumatic Fever) ora
s s s s s s s s s s s s
consequence of calcification of the mitral valve, referred to as mitral annular calci-
s s s s s s s s s s s s
fication (MAC). MAC is often a consequence of aging associated with long-
s s s s s s s s s s s s
standingatherosclerosis. s
27. Clinical manifestations of Mitral Stenosis?: Dyspnea on exertion s s s s s s s s
Orthopnea in supine position s s s
Cough
Peripheral edema s
4s/s22
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