- first heart sound
- closure of tricuspid and mitral valves
- beginning of systole
S2 - answer✔- loudest at base of heart
- best heard with diaphragm
- second heart sound
- closure of aortic and pulmonic valves
- beginning of diastole
Aortic valve - answer✔- best heart with diaphragm
- between aorta and left ventricle
Pulmonic valve - answer✔- best heard with diaphragm
- between pulmonary artery and right ventricle
Tricuspid valve - answer✔- best heard with diaphragm
- between right atrium and right ventricle
Mitral valve - answer✔- best heard with diaphragm
- between left atrium and left ventricle
- more likely to have a murmur as it is on the bigger side of the heart
S3 - answer✔- caused by ventricular filling
- associated with volume and heart failure
- occurs when ventricles are resistant to filling during rapid phase
- immediately after S2
- ventricular gallop
- "Kentucky," low intense vibrations
- most common
3+ Pitting Edema - answer✔- deep pitting, indentation remains for a short time, leg looks
swollen
4+ Pitting Edema - answer✔- very deep pitting, indentation lasts a long time, leg is very swollen
Cardiac Output - answer✔- the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
Variable of Cardiac Output - answer✔- heart rate
- stroke volume (preload, after load, an contractility)
- metabolic rate and O2 demand
- females < males (females have smaller heart)
- larger body
- decreases with age
Chemoreceptors - answer✔- respond to heart rate, O2 levels, pH levels
- recognize levels of gases in blood: pH, PaCO2, PaO2
Alpha Receptors - answer✔- in periphery
- vasocontrict when stimulated
- dilate when inhibited
Beta 1 Receptors - answer✔- in heart
- increase SNS and heart rate when stimulated
- decrease stimulation from SA to AV nodes when inhibited
Beta 2 Receptors - answer✔- in lungs
- vasodilator when stimulated
- Ventolin is an agonist
Less than 60bpm - answer✔Bradycardia heart rate
Above 100bpm - answer✔Tachycardia heart rate
Heart Rate - answer✔- controlled by autonomic nervous system, neural reflexes, atrial receptors
and hormones
Centres of the Brain - answer✔- control heart rate
- medulla and pons areas of the brainstem
- hypothalmus
- cerebral cortex
- thalamus
Neural Reflexes - answer✔- control heart rate
- baroreceptors respond to BP and HR
- tissue receptors found in aortic arch and carotid sinus
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