Bio 205 Exam 1 Already Graded A+
Define microbe: a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen
Define Microbiology: The study of microorganisms
Describe the theory of endosymbiosis: Prokaryotes lived inside each other and or around the
ancestors of modern eukaryotes
Develop an u...
Define microbe: ✅a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen
Define Microbiology: ✅The study of microorganisms
Describe the theory of endosymbiosis: ✅Prokaryotes lived inside each other and or around the
ancestors of modern eukaryotes
Develop an understanding of the discovery of Microbes and the development of Microbiology as a
science: ✅The discovery of microbes and the development of microbiology as a science can be traced
back to the 17th century when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch scientist, first observed
microorganisms using a simple microscope. Over the next few centuries, microbiology grew into a
separate scientific discipline with the contributions of scientists like Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and
others.
Leeuwenhoek and Hooke ✅Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch scientist and tradesman who is best
known for his discovery of microorganisms using a simple microscope he designed himself. Robert
Hooke was an English scientist who is credited with being the first person to use the term "cell" to
describe the basic unit of life and who made numerous contributions to the fields of microscopy and
physics.
Louis Pasteur's S-shaped Flask Experiment: ✅Louis Pasteur's S-shaped flask experiment was a scientific
demonstration that refuted the concept of spontaneous generation, which held that life could arise
from non-living matter. By sterilizing a nutrient broth in an S-shaped flask and observing that no growth
occurred unless the flask was tilted to allow air to enter, Pasteur showed that living organisms arise only
from other living organisms.
Florence Nightingale & Statistical Evidence Linking Microbes + Disease: ✅Florence Nightingale was a
nurse and statistician who played a significant role in demonstrating the link between microbes and
disease by using statistical methods to analyze mortality rates during the Crimean War. She showed that
poor sanitation was responsible for the high death rates and that improving hygiene and sanitation
could prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
, Koch's Postulates: ✅1. The microbe must be present in all cases of the disease but absent from healthy
individuals.
2. The microbe must be isolated from the diseased individual and grown in pure culture.
3. The cultured microbe should cause disease when introduced into a healthy individual.
4. The same microbe must be re-isolated from the newly diseased individual.
The different types of Microbes found around us: ✅1. Bacteria - single-celled organisms found in soil,
water, and living organisms that can be beneficial or harmful to humans.
2. Viruses - small infectious agents that can only replicate inside living cells and cause a range of diseases
in humans.
3. Fungi - diverse group of organisms that include yeasts and molds, which can be found in soil, air, and
on plants, and can cause infections in humans.
4. Protozoa - single-celled organisms that can be found in water and soil, and can cause infections in
humans.
5. Archaea - single-celled organisms that are often found in extreme environments, such as hot springs
and deep sea vents.
6. Algae - diverse group of photosynthetic organisms found in water and soil that can produce oxygen
and other organic compounds.
7. Helminths - parasitic worms that can infect humans and animals and cause a range of diseases.
Be able to describe how to visualize Microbes: ✅1. Light microscopy - uses visible light to magnify and
visualize microbes, providing a quick and easy way to observe live and stained cells.
2. Electron microscopy - uses beams of electrons to visualize microbes at much higher magnifications
and resolutions than light microscopy, making it ideal for studying the ultrastructure of cells.
3. Staining techniques - use dyes to highlight specific components of microbes, making them easier to
visualize and identify under a microscope.
4. Fluorescence microscopy - uses fluorescent dyes or proteins to visualize specific molecules within
cells, allowing for detailed studies of cellular processes.
5. Scanning probe microscopy - uses a sharp tip to scan the surface of a sample, providing detailed
information on the shape and composition of microbes at the nanoscale level.
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