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PHAR 100 EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND 100% ACCURATE ANSWERS A+ GRADED
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PHAR 100 EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND 100% ACCURATEANSWERS A+ GRADED
Drugs- Answer substances other than food that alter the structure or function of the
body or mind. Any substance received by a biological system that is not received for
nutritive purposes.
Pharmacology- Answer study of drugs/ the science of drugs
historical influences on pharmacology- Answer 1. ancient civilizations
2. poisons
3. religion
Contribution of Ancient China to pharmacology - Answ er oldest recorded drug
experiments were done in China 2700 BC. Medicines were classified according to their
taste
Ancient Egyptian contribution to history of pharmacology - Answer history written on
papyri. The Ebers Papyrus, 1500 BCE was a textbook of drug use for medical students
Ebers Papyrus - Answer An Egyptian manuscript, dated to about 1500 B.C., comprising
more than eight hundred prescriptions for common complaints and diseases
Shen Nung -Answer Father of Chinese Medicine, emperor who classified all drugs
according to taste
Ancient Greek influence on pharmacology -Answer 380 BCE, Theophrastus wrote a
textbook on therapeutics
-includes detailed information on opium
,-obtained this material from the opium poppy
Theophrastus -Answer Third century BC Greek philosopher and naturalist. Wrote a
textbook on therapeutics including information on opium
Aristotle Greek Philosopher, tutored Alexander the Great, founded famous school,
student of Plato. Student of Theophrastus
Opium substance taken from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are
produced
Influence of religion on pharmacology-Answer Medicine men have dual functions:
physicians and priests. Plants containing Intoxicating agents were utilized to induce
altered states of consciousness to communicate with their gods. Therapy heavily
influenced by religion and magic.
Mescaline-Answer natural hallucinogen found in peyote cactus buttons. Produces
hallucinations, a sense of well-being, and perceptual distortion (similar to the effects of
LSD)
LSD-a potent hallucinogenic drug; also called acid, lysergic acid diethylamide.
Produces hallucinations, a sense of well-being, distortion of perception Synthesis based
on structure of ergot alkaloids
The influence of poisons on pharmacology-Answer Quoting the 16th c. Swiss physician
Paracelsus, "All substances are poisons, there is none which is not a poison"
Curare - Used by indigenous people of the amazon, arrows dipped in it. Acts upon
voluntary muscles causing paralysis and death.
Eventually its use was utilized by anesthetists during surgery-a small dose given to relax
muscles, facilitating surgeon's work.
Ergot poisoning symptoms - Symptoms: restricted blood flow to limbs-limbs become
black and die off, hallucinogenic, mental frenzy, violent contractions of the uterus-small
,amount could be useful in hastening labour.
two active principles isolated for drug use
migraines - Answer severe headaches, usually felt on one side of the head, that strike
frequently, but are hard to treat. Possibly due to pulsation of arterial blood vessels to
the head.
drug? ergotamine
zinc oxide - Answer ZnO, considered of great importance in ancient therapies, still found
in a number of topical creams today (diaper rash creams)
Modern sources of drugs - Answer synthetic chemical compounds and plant sources
(active substance purified and modified to make it less toxic or more effective)
Drug discovery in the 19th century - Answer Nitrous Oxide -> laughing gas, acts on the
brain
Ether -> an anaesthetic, acting on the brain
Drug discovery in the 20th century - Answer reserpine -> reduces anxiety, acts on the
brain
LSD -> from ergot, a hallucinogen, acts on the brain
Organoarsenicals -> selectively bind to parasites (act against infectious disease)
Sulfa Drugs -> first successful drug for treatment of bacterial disease
Penicillin -> first antibiotic
, Streptomycin -> different kind of antibiotic, important in treatment of TB
Chlropromazine - Answer Thorazine, preferred to reserpine for management of mentally
ill patients. Easier to determine correct effective dose. A synthetic anti anxiety drug
Rauwolfia plant Answer a plant long used in Indian medicine to reduce tension and
anxiety and to lower blood pressure. 1950's, active agent Reserpine extracted
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Answer hallucinogenic or "psychedelic" drug that
produces hallucinations and delusions similar to those occurring in a psychotic state.
Discovered by Albert Hoffman.
Albert Hofmann A Swiss scientist known best for being the first person to synthesize,
ingest and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide. Tries
synthesizing improved pharmaceutical products based on ergot components. Chemical
structure similar to ergotamine and ergonovine
anaesthetics Drugs which make the body incapable of feeling any kind of pain.
Nitrous Oxide and ether.
Nitrous Oxide - Answer N2O, discovered in the early 1840s
- laughing gas
laughing gas - Answer N2O, an anaesthetic, shown in public demonstrations in 1800s,
later used by dentists
Ether Anesthesia - Answer practised by Morton
Organoarsenicals - Answer 1900s, Designed by Paul Ehrlich
- complexes of organic molecules and arsenic
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