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PHAR 100 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE ANSWERS
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PHAR 100 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ACCURATEANSWERS 2024-2025
CNS Effects of Amphetamines: - ANSWER Four major effects:
1. Lowered threshold for transmission of sensory input to the cerebral cortex, resulting
in excitation1.
2. Sense of euphoria and reward.
3. Alterations in temperature-regulation and feeding centre, result in loss of appetite.
4. Increase in aggressive behaviour and mood swings.
Effects of short-term use of amphetamines - ANSWER - heart attack, heart pain,
changes in blood pressure, or fainting
- cardiovascular collapse
- increased respiratory rate
-overdose can cause a seizure, high fever, or stroke
Effects of long-term use of amphetamines - ANSWER - chronic sleep disturbance
-poor appetite
-anxiety, repetitive behaviour, psychoses, aggressive behaviour
-high blood pressure and bizarre heart rhythm
Therapeutic Uses of Amphetamines: - ANSWER 1. Narcolepsy: A chronic sleep disorder.
2. ADHD: This disorder is characterized by disruptive behaviour and decreasing
attention/ concentration spans. Drug therapy enhances classroom
attention/concentration and can improve scholastic performance.
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) - drug of choice to treat both of these disorders due to the
,decreased incidence of both cardiovascular and appetite suppressing effects,
compared to amphetamine.
Amphetamine Abuse - The amphetamines produce euphoria and are effective CNS
stimulants; for these reasons, they are widely abused. The most common modes of
administration are orally, by injection, or smoked. Occasionally they are sniffed or
snorted.
Amphetamine abuse potential - ANSWER The abuse liability of the amphetamines is
extremely high as amphetamine and methamphetamine produce powerful euphoria.
Furthermore, water soluble saline forms of the drug allow for large doses that are
readily injectable, resulting in a rapid and intense response.
The intrinsic harmfulness of the amphetamines has to do with their long-term toxicities
from cardiovascular effects and drug-induced psychoses. That does not appear to act
as a deterrent to abusers, and also substantial health risks occur from a user's lifestyle,
i.e., contaminated needles and poor nutrition.
amphetamine dependence - ANSWER Cessation of use results in mood depression that
may be profound, protracted sleep, enormous appetite, lack of energy, and fatigue.
Amphetamine tolerance - ANSWER Tolerance develops to the euphoria and mood
elevating effects, the anorectic effects, the cardiovascular and respiratory stimulatory
effects, and the lethal effects of the drugs. However, there is no development of
tolerance to therapeutic effects or drug-induced psychosis.
amphetamine addiction - ANSWER Amphetamines are usually self-administered to
produce euphoria and a sudden wake-up feeling ("rush"). These effects reinforce and
users will need the action of the drug so strongly that if it is unavailable they will become
panic.
Amphetamines - ANSWER Amphetamines are drugs of wide abuse and in Canada, are
controlled substances, meaning their usage is restricted to specific medical conditions.
The amphetamines include amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and methamphetamine.
Two amphetamine-related compounds include methylphenidate (Ritalin), which is used
to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and MDMA (Ecstasy). MDMA is a drug of
, abuse and is a derivative of methamphetamine. It fosters the feeling of intimacy and
empathy, while improving intellectual capacities. It is neurotoxic, causing neuronal
damage and death. This effect is long lasting, if not permanent.
Amphetamines Chemistry - ANSWER Amphetamines are synthetic organic compounds.
They are structurally related to the endogenous neurotransmitters norepinephrine and
dopamine. They can be prepared easily, and this has led to the illicit preparation of
these drugs, particularly methamphetamine. The purity of these illicit drugs is variable,
and may include side-products of the chemical reaction, unreacted chemicals, and
"cutting" agents (e.g. starch, baking soda).
Abuse of Cocaine - ANSWER It is highly abused, and many people use this drug along
with other forms of psychoactive drugs. Cocaine is usually sniffed or smoked but can be
injected.
Long-Term Use Effects of cocaine - ANSWER Toxic psychosis including paranoia
Hallucinations or insects crawling sensations under the skin
Impaired sexual function
Permanent damage to the brain and impairment of neuronal function may occur.
Hypertension and arrhythmia.
Changes to the nasal mucosa, since the drug is sniffed.
Cocaine Abuse Potential - ANSWER Cocaine has one of the highest abuse liabilities
amongst all drugs of abuse. This is due to the powerful euphoria, which can be reached
rapidly by injecting the drug, or smoking the freebase.
The inherent harmfulness of cocaine entails the fact that through its use, the user will
suffer physical and psychological deficits. These events do not seem to deter the
abuser.
Cocaine dependence - ANSWER The withdrawal symptoms are highly similar in nature
to those of amphetamines dependence.
Cocaine tolerance - ANSWER Tolerance develops to the mood-elevating effect of
cocaine, but not to the drug-induced psychotic effect. Tolerance does not develop as
readily to the hallucinatory and behavioural effects of cocaine as compared to the
amphetamines.
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